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Estimated results of the structural model of deforestation. Note: Absolute value of z statistics in parentheses * significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%. Robust t statistics in parentheses. Variables of INCOME2, FODCAP2 ar excluded in the restricted model; Units in Table 1. Bold font indicates variables of primary interest in the study.

Table 1 Estimated results of the structural model of deforestation. Note: Absolute value of z statistics in parentheses * significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%. Robust t statistics in parentheses. Variables of INCOME2, FODCAP2 ar excluded in the restricted model; Units in Table 1. Bold font indicates variables of primary interest in the study.

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Definition and descriptive statistics for potential variables in the integrated system of deforestation and forest degradation in Vietnam between 2000 and 2010.
Definition and descriptive statistics for potential variables in the integrated system of deforestation and forest degradation in Vietnam between 2000 and 2010.
Fig. 1. Empirical simultaneous equations of deforestation and forest degradation in Vietnam. A total of 29 candidate variables were used for establishing the empirical models (see the details in Table 1). After eliminating unsuitable variables, seventeen significant variables (bold font) remained in the models. DE;, FD;, and DFD; present the dependent variables of model (1), POVERTY2, INCOME2, AGGDP2, FODCAP2 are the dependent variables of model (2), (3), (4), (5), respectively. a is a constant, y;_7 are coefficient corresponding to different independent variables of the models, ¢; is an error term.
Fig. 1. Empirical simultaneous equations of deforestation and forest degradation in Vietnam. A total of 29 candidate variables were used for establishing the empirical models (see the details in Table 1). After eliminating unsuitable variables, seventeen significant variables (bold font) remained in the models. DE;, FD;, and DFD; present the dependent variables of model (1), POVERTY2, INCOME2, AGGDP2, FODCAP2 are the dependent variables of model (2), (3), (4), (5), respectively. a is a constant, y;_7 are coefficient corresponding to different independent variables of the models, ¢; is an error term.
Fig. 2. Map of deforestation (DF) by province in Vietnam between 2000 and 2010. Note: Each period includes three rows. The first row is the area (ha) of forest loss, forest degradation, and total forest loss and forest degradation for 2000-2010. The second row is percer of forest loss, forest degradation, and total area of forest loss and forest degradation for 2000-2010 relative to the total natural area in 2000. The third row is percent of forest loss, fore degradation, and total area of forest loss and forest degradation for 2000-2010 to total area of forest in 2000. 3.2. Estimated regression model of deforestation and forest degradation 3.2.1. Results of the structural model
Fig. 2. Map of deforestation (DF) by province in Vietnam between 2000 and 2010. Note: Each period includes three rows. The first row is the area (ha) of forest loss, forest degradation, and total forest loss and forest degradation for 2000-2010. The second row is percer of forest loss, forest degradation, and total area of forest loss and forest degradation for 2000-2010 relative to the total natural area in 2000. The third row is percent of forest loss, fore degradation, and total area of forest loss and forest degradation for 2000-2010 to total area of forest in 2000. 3.2. Estimated regression model of deforestation and forest degradation 3.2.1. Results of the structural model
Fig. 3. Map of forest degradation (FD) by province in Vietnam between 2000 and 2010. 3-5) implying that the restricted model was better than the full model, so results of the restricted model are used for discussion.
Fig. 3. Map of forest degradation (FD) by province in Vietnam between 2000 and 2010. 3-5) implying that the restricted model was better than the full model, so results of the restricted model are used for discussion.
The extent of deforestation and forest degradation by periods in Vietnam in 2000-2010. Table 2
The extent of deforestation and forest degradation by periods in Vietnam in 2000-2010. Table 2
Estimated results of the structural model of forest degradation. Note: Absolute value of z statistics in parentheses * significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%. Robust t statistics in parentheses; Variables of INCOME2, FODCAP2 are excluded in the restricted model; Units in Table
Estimated results of the structural model of forest degradation. Note: Absolute value of z statistics in parentheses * significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%. Robust t statistics in parentheses; Variables of INCOME2, FODCAP2 are excluded in the restricted model; Units in Table
Estimated results of the structural model of total deforestation and forest degradation. Note: Absolute value of z statistics in parentheses * significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%. Robust t statistics in parentheses; Variables of INCOME2, FODCAP2 are excluded in the restricted model; Units in Table 1 Bold font indicates variables of primary interest in the study.
Estimated results of the structural model of total deforestation and forest degradation. Note: Absolute value of z statistics in parentheses * significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%. Robust t statistics in parentheses; Variables of INCOME2, FODCAP2 are excluded in the restricted model; Units in Table 1 Bold font indicates variables of primary interest in the study.
Fig. 6. Regression tree on forest degradation derived from forest cover, demographics, and economic variables for the provinces in the study. The hexagons are terminal nodes with mean degraded forest (ha per capita) and deviance in parentheses. POVERTY2: the average poverty rate for 2006-2010; FCOVER: the percentage of forest cover in 2000; POPDEN2: the percentage of the change in population density for 2000-2010. Fig. 5. Regression tree of deforestation derived from forest cover, demographics, eco- nomic, and governance variables for Vietnam provinces in the study. The hexagons are terminal nodes with mean forest loss (ha per capita) and deviance, which measures the heterogeneity (e.g. misclassification, variability) at each node, in parentheses. OVERTY2 = the average poverty rate for 2006-2010; FCOVER = the percentage of forest cover in 2000; AGGDP2 = the percentage of change in agricultural production value between 2000 and 2010; INCOME2 = the percentage of change in per capita income per month between 2000 and 2010.
Fig. 6. Regression tree on forest degradation derived from forest cover, demographics, and economic variables for the provinces in the study. The hexagons are terminal nodes with mean degraded forest (ha per capita) and deviance in parentheses. POVERTY2: the average poverty rate for 2006-2010; FCOVER: the percentage of forest cover in 2000; POPDEN2: the percentage of the change in population density for 2000-2010. Fig. 5. Regression tree of deforestation derived from forest cover, demographics, eco- nomic, and governance variables for Vietnam provinces in the study. The hexagons are terminal nodes with mean forest loss (ha per capita) and deviance, which measures the heterogeneity (e.g. misclassification, variability) at each node, in parentheses. OVERTY2 = the average poverty rate for 2006-2010; FCOVER = the percentage of forest cover in 2000; AGGDP2 = the percentage of change in agricultural production value between 2000 and 2010; INCOME2 = the percentage of change in per capita income per month between 2000 and 2010.
Fig. 7. Regression tree derived from forest cover, economic, and governance variables for provinces in the study. The hexagons are terminal nodes with mean forest loss and forest degradation (ha) and deviance in parentheses. POVERTY2: the average poverty rate for 2006-2010; FCOVER: the percentage of forest cover in 2000; PCI2: average points of 100- point scale for 2006-2010; POPDEN2: the percentage of the change in population density for 2000-2010.
Fig. 7. Regression tree derived from forest cover, economic, and governance variables for provinces in the study. The hexagons are terminal nodes with mean forest loss and forest degradation (ha) and deviance in parentheses. POVERTY2: the average poverty rate for 2006-2010; FCOVER: the percentage of forest cover in 2000; PCI2: average points of 100- point scale for 2006-2010; POPDEN2: the percentage of the change in population density for 2000-2010.
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