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Fig. 15. Installed capacity of wind turbines in selected economies (in MW) [2].

Figure 15 Installed capacity of wind turbines in selected economies (in MW) [2].

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* Corresponding author. Tel.: +880 1681509472; fax: +880 28922625. E-mail address: tasbirul.islam@gmail.com (Md.T. Islam). © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +880 1681509472; fax: +880 28922625. E-mail address: tasbirul.islam@gmail.com (Md.T. Islam). © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fig. 1. Global primary energy consumption [2].
Fig. 1. Global primary energy consumption [2].
Fig. 2. Global carbon dioxide emission [2].
Fig. 2. Global carbon dioxide emission [2].
Fig. 3. Renewable energy share of global final energy consumption [13]. possesses geothermal energy can utilize ground source heat pipes and heat exchanger in de-icing process of pavements and bridge slabs | 16- 18]. However, in most cases, energy storage is an imperative part to utilize solar energy | 14]. At present, renewable energy shares 16.7% of the global final energy consumption (Fig. 3). In recent times global investment on renewable energy has increased over 17% [19]. In 2011, US$257 billion was invested. World's top oil importer — China, invested $51 billion on renewable technologies in 2011, which was higher than Germany, United States, India and Italy [20]. Developing countries are also showing similar pattern of development in the energy sector [21]. Like other developing countries, Bangladesh is also blessed with ample renewable energy sources such as biomass, solar, wind and small hydropower. Thus, it is imperative to utilize renewable energy sources as an alternative to depleting energy sources which could lead to sustainable solution to present energy crisis and future national energy security. Moreover, effective and efficient use of renewable energy can mitigate CO, emission from conventional fuel energy mix in grid connection [22]. Therefore, this study attempts to address current
Fig. 3. Renewable energy share of global final energy consumption [13]. possesses geothermal energy can utilize ground source heat pipes and heat exchanger in de-icing process of pavements and bridge slabs | 16- 18]. However, in most cases, energy storage is an imperative part to utilize solar energy | 14]. At present, renewable energy shares 16.7% of the global final energy consumption (Fig. 3). In recent times global investment on renewable energy has increased over 17% [19]. In 2011, US$257 billion was invested. World's top oil importer — China, invested $51 billion on renewable technologies in 2011, which was higher than Germany, United States, India and Italy [20]. Developing countries are also showing similar pattern of development in the energy sector [21]. Like other developing countries, Bangladesh is also blessed with ample renewable energy sources such as biomass, solar, wind and small hydropower. Thus, it is imperative to utilize renewable energy sources as an alternative to depleting energy sources which could lead to sustainable solution to present energy crisis and future national energy security. Moreover, effective and efficient use of renewable energy can mitigate CO, emission from conventional fuel energy mix in grid connection [22]. Therefore, this study attempts to address current
Fig. 4. Geographical map of Bangladesh. energy scenario of Bangladesh and illustrates a comprehensive review on explored renewable energy sources for its effective utilization both in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh.
Fig. 4. Geographical map of Bangladesh. energy scenario of Bangladesh and illustrates a comprehensive review on explored renewable energy sources for its effective utilization both in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh.
Fig. 5. Total primary energy supply in Bangladesh [26]. The economy of the country largely depended on agriculture and forestry. More than 80% of the population resides in the rural areas, where agriculture is the major occupation among the villagers. Other notable sectors that contribute to the economy are fishing, mining, manufacturing, power sector, retail trade, and large service sectors. For the past 5 years, GDP is continued to rise - estimated over 6%, annually. In 2011, it was 7% [23].
Fig. 5. Total primary energy supply in Bangladesh [26]. The economy of the country largely depended on agriculture and forestry. More than 80% of the population resides in the rural areas, where agriculture is the major occupation among the villagers. Other notable sectors that contribute to the economy are fishing, mining, manufacturing, power sector, retail trade, and large service sectors. For the past 5 years, GDP is continued to rise - estimated over 6%, annually. In 2011, it was 7% [23].
Fig. 6. Final energy consumption in Bangladesh (by fuel type) [2].
Fig. 6. Final energy consumption in Bangladesh (by fuel type) [2].
Fig. 8. Consumption of natural gas by sectors [9]. Fig. 7. Production and reserve of gas fields in Bangladesh [9].
Fig. 8. Consumption of natural gas by sectors [9]. Fig. 7. Production and reserve of gas fields in Bangladesh [9].
Mono fuel dependency on natural gas is seen in all over the industry which might pose threat to future long range energy sector planning and sustainable development of the country. Effective fuel diversification is an essential part of long term planning. Economic Natural gas is the most valuable indigenous natural resources of Bangladesh, and playing a pivotal role in the growth of the economy. It shares 75% of the primary commercial energy supply and 79.15% of power generation [9]. Until 2012, 24 gas fields have been discovered with proven reserve of 37.680 TCF, out of which
Mono fuel dependency on natural gas is seen in all over the industry which might pose threat to future long range energy sector planning and sustainable development of the country. Effective fuel diversification is an essential part of long term planning. Economic Natural gas is the most valuable indigenous natural resources of Bangladesh, and playing a pivotal role in the growth of the economy. It shares 75% of the primary commercial energy supply and 79.15% of power generation [9]. Until 2012, 24 gas fields have been discovered with proven reserve of 37.680 TCF, out of which
Coal deposits in Bangladesh [6,9,25].
Coal deposits in Bangladesh [6,9,25].
Coal ranks and properties [28,29].
Coal ranks and properties [28,29].
Fig. 9. Trend of petroleum import in Bangladesh [9].
Fig. 9. Trend of petroleum import in Bangladesh [9].
Prospects of hydropower in selected Himalayan countries (in MW) [32]. Table 3
Prospects of hydropower in selected Himalayan countries (in MW) [32]. Table 3
Selected renewable energy technology and energy production in Bangladesh [37]. Table 4
Selected renewable energy technology and energy production in Bangladesh [37]. Table 4
Fig. 10. Renewable energy share in Bangladesh [20].
Fig. 10. Renewable energy share in Bangladesh [20].
Average biodiesel production from energy crops [68].
Average biodiesel production from energy crops [68].
Biomass energy potential and achievement in Bangladesh [36,41].
Biomass energy potential and achievement in Bangladesh [36,41].
Fig. 11. Simplified model of biogas dissemination in rural Bangladesh (adopted from [55,57)).
Fig. 11. Simplified model of biogas dissemination in rural Bangladesh (adopted from [55,57)).
Solar PV installed capacity in selected Asian economies (in MW) [2]. Table 7
Solar PV installed capacity in selected Asian economies (in MW) [2]. Table 7
The concept of grid-connected solar PV power system opened up new dimension of renewable energy utilization technique. It has the advantage of more effective and efficient utilization of generated power from PV array and main distribution line. Fig. 13 shows the arrangement of grid-connected solar PV power system with no storage [78]. Grid-connected PV system can be used in an Fig. 12. Average monthly solar irradiation in Bangladesh [73].
The concept of grid-connected solar PV power system opened up new dimension of renewable energy utilization technique. It has the advantage of more effective and efficient utilization of generated power from PV array and main distribution line. Fig. 13 shows the arrangement of grid-connected solar PV power system with no storage [78]. Grid-connected PV system can be used in an Fig. 12. Average monthly solar irradiation in Bangladesh [73].
Summary of SHS installation up to April, 2012 in Bangladesh [87]. Table 8
Summary of SHS installation up to April, 2012 in Bangladesh [87]. Table 8
Fig. 13. Grid-connected PV power system with no storage [78].
Fig. 13. Grid-connected PV power system with no storage [78].
Potential power generation from selected solar energy technology. Table 9 Table 10
Potential power generation from selected solar energy technology. Table 9 Table 10
Annual average wind speed of different sites in Bangladesh [50].
Annual average wind speed of different sites in Bangladesh [50].
Fig. 14. Number of SHSs installed in Bangladesh (division wise) [87].
Fig. 14. Number of SHSs installed in Bangladesh (division wise) [87].
Potential small hydro sites identified by BWDB and BPDB [57]. carried out to harness full potential of small scale hydro energy in Bangladesh. Most of the small scale hydro power potential sites were discovered in rural, remote and hill tracks areas of the country which can contribute to overall socio-economic development of the country ensuring power supply for the rural population. Table 11
Potential small hydro sites identified by BWDB and BPDB [57]. carried out to harness full potential of small scale hydro energy in Bangladesh. Most of the small scale hydro power potential sites were discovered in rural, remote and hill tracks areas of the country which can contribute to overall socio-economic development of the country ensuring power supply for the rural population. Table 11
Fig. 16. Potential power generation from micro-hydro in Chittagong district [99]
Fig. 16. Potential power generation from micro-hydro in Chittagong district [99]
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EngineeringEconomicsRenewable EnergyNatural Resource EconomicsSustaibable Development
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