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Figure 6b: Snippet of pseudo-code for mobile application (Administrators view) — Figure 6 b: Snippet of pseudo-code for mobile application (Administrators view)

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Required factors are scanned, which produces a signal or an image. In order to enhance the efficiency of this procedure and minimize the noise in a data, images that are scanned directly are being pre-processed. The registered template includes vector data which is used for the matching stage. Identification and verification are used interchangeably in literature sometimes, but both are distinct in nature. Identification means carrying out a one-to-many relationship (matching), where a scanned input is run through the templates of the database to get a match. Verification on the other hand simply means mapping an initially scanned input with an input that was scanned previously, thus, containing a one-to-one relationship system. i me hie) wae |e

Bo ReVMese LVEACELL ESSENCES This type of biometric system combines multiple sources of information to establish human identification. This method is highly effective and can significantly enhance accuracy. Most biometric systems used in practical applications today make use of single pieces of information for recognition which can be referred to as unimodal biometrics. Unimodal biometric systems however have several problems related to universality, prone to spoofing, noise in sensitive data, variations in intraclasses, similarities in inter-class. Some of these issues can be eliminated by making use of the multimodal systems. The multimodal systems comprise of two or more behaviors or traits to result in a more reliable system in terms of security and robustness. In this section, insight related to the architecture and implementation of biometric systems will be provided. A unimodal biometrics system generally works in three phases’ enrolment, verification and identification. Like the unimodal systems, these three processes also take place in the multimodal systems. In multimodal biometrics, fusion of information can be achieved at various levels: at the sensor level, at feature extraction level, at the matching score level and at the decision level. The sensor level fusion is barely used because it requires the obtained data from different biometric sensors to be compatible. Similarly, at the feature extraction level, fusion is not always achieved because feature sets that are used by several biometric modes might be incompatible or inaccessible. There is usually a limited amount of data available in the decision level due to its rigidity. Furthermore, as a result of the availability of enough information and ease of access and match scores combination, the matching score level is preferred [26].

The summary of the proposed system is explained in the subsections that follow. Figure 3 shows the framework a workflow of the developed application. The application is structured into three components. ee a ee ey ee EE ee ee a A. The Computer Based Test Application: This is the medium through which the student takes assessments and examinations and receives his scores for the written examinations and assessments and addresses any issue he is facing to the school.

EE ON OO OO >. Backend Server and Database: This is where the data retrieved from the mobile application is stored. It contains rarious collections (databases) which contain all information about the users, the examinations, records, assessments tc. This section is handled by Firebase (a google backend service). It also contains an admin dashboard where the idmin uses to see information on the application and carries out desired or required operations. eg Se Se Ee ee ee ee ee Eee een mee Se eRe whee [he application makes use of the multimodal approach for biometric operations, for enrollment, verification anc identification. The image recognition server and the fingerprint recognition component work together during the authentication process (Fusion), to give access to the application as shown in Figure 4. 291414 Rramawark and mathond nf nnaratinne

Figure 5: A 3-tier architecture of the CBT application For the purpose of implementation, Flutter (a framework of dart programming language), which supports object- oriented programming, was used to design the user interface and logic processes as shown if Figure 5.

Once the process runs successfully, the user is navigated to the homepage. The system is made up of the followi components: login component (which is done by the email, password and image recognition), signup componen profile, courses, examinations, tests, contact school, notification and logout. Figure 6 below shows the architectu of the mobile application.

Pseudocode is an informal high-level description of the operating principle of a computer program or other algorithm. The pseudocode for the proposed multimodal biometric authentication mobile application from the administrators and students view is as shown in Figure 6a and Figure 6b. Figure 6a: Snippet of pseudo-code for mobile application (students view)

4RD is composed of entity types and the various relationships that exist between them. Figure 7 shows the entities n the system and how they relate with each other.

An activity diagram represents the sequence of activities available in an application in order to achieve a task. Figure 8a and Figure 8b shows the activity diagram of the proposed mobile application for students and administrators respectively. Figure 8a: Activity Diagram of mobile application (Student view)

Figure 8b: Activity Diagram of mobile application (Administrators view)

Figure 9: Sequence diagram of the system

Figure 10: CBT system case showing interaction between administrators and users use ee ee en eg aN ee ae, Sega ee This is an analysis concept which describes the actions of the systems from the user’s point of view. It visually represents relationships between users (actors) and the use cases, alongside documenting the intended behavior of the system which is usually focused on satisfying the goal of a user. Actors refer to entity or component that interacts with the system (i.e. a user or another system etc.). Lines and arrows are usually drawn between use cases and actors to indicate the relationships between them. A use case captures every possible way the system and user can interact towards achieving a goal as shown in Figure 10.

This is a diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or sum of processes that describe the operation of the application as shown in Figure 11.

The registration field contains fields which are required to be filled by the student in order to be registered in th database. Figure 12shows the registration screen for a student and the respective input fields.

Figure 16: Examination page of the CBT application The examinations page is one of the core activities of the mobile application. It contains various courses registered by the student for the purpose of taking an examination. Figure 16 explains the examinations page.

4.2.5. Examinations page

4.2.4. Course page I a ae eg ee ee ee After authentication is carried out successfully, the user is navigated to the homepage. By the left side is also th navigation menu which contains various pages of the app. Figure 14 shows the navigation menu which provide access to other application features and functionality.

4.3. System testing and evaluation The profile page contains all the information about the student as shown in Figure 17.

During the testing of the mobile application, 5 users were given the mobile application prototype to use. The users’ task description table shows the expected tasks to be accomplished by each user, the sum participants for each task and the number of users that successfully completed each task respectively.

The table above shows a summary of information (feedback) obtained from the users of the prototype. As shown, the table describes the various complains, observations by users and suggestions towards making improvements on the system.