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equation with transfer function and first-order differential equations. The following Figure 7.14 represents the block diagram model of the generator swing

Figure 7 equation with transfer function and first-order differential equations. The following Figure 7.14 represents the block diagram model of the generator swing

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Note: Some of the symbols and mathematical variables are not listed here and have
Note: Some of the symbols and mathematical variables are not listed here and have
Most of electricity generation capacity from Table 1.2 above is supplied to the national grid power plants in Tanzania, some of the regions that are very far from the existing hydropower plant due to their remoteness on which there is no grid connection. By referring to tl national grid map for Tanzania Figure 1.1 below, it is shown that the national grid is only
Most of electricity generation capacity from Table 1.2 above is supplied to the national grid power plants in Tanzania, some of the regions that are very far from the existing hydropower plant due to their remoteness on which there is no grid connection. By referring to tl national grid map for Tanzania Figure 1.1 below, it is shown that the national grid is only
Figure 1.1: The National Grid System in Tanzania [2]
Figure 1.1: The National Grid System in Tanzania [2]
Figure 1.2: General layout - micro hydro system [14]
Figure 1.2: General layout - micro hydro system [14]
Figure 2.1: Dam hydro storage scheme [55] aspect for flood control and irrigation [54].
Figure 2.1: Dam hydro storage scheme [55] aspect for flood control and irrigation [54].
separate pump and turbine unit’s setups [61] as shown in Figure 2.2 below. electricity storage [60]. Early pumped storage systems were using a configuration with
separate pump and turbine unit’s setups [61] as shown in Figure 2.2 below. electricity storage [60]. Early pumped storage systems were using a configuration with
2.4.2 Classification of mini/micro-hydro turbine system
2.4.2 Classification of mini/micro-hydro turbine system
forces that make the runner blades to rotate as shown in Figure 2.5 below. which are profiled in a such a way that pressure difference across the blades creates a lift
forces that make the runner blades to rotate as shown in Figure 2.5 below. which are profiled in a such a way that pressure difference across the blades creates a lift
Figure 2.6: Mini/micro hydro turbine selection based on head and discharge value [119] value of up to 100 m as shown in Figure 2.6 below. Based on the turbine selection chart above, it is noted that crossflow turbines have a wider
Figure 2.6: Mini/micro hydro turbine selection based on head and discharge value [119] value of up to 100 m as shown in Figure 2.6 below. Based on the turbine selection chart above, it is noted that crossflow turbines have a wider
2.5.4 Misconception on micro-hydropower technology
2.5.4 Misconception on micro-hydropower technology
rim as shown in Figure 3.1 below.
rim as shown in Figure 3.1 below.
H2 as shown in Figure 3.2 below. from the reservoir is conveyed to the turbine through a penstock pipe and the maximun pressure ps, head H7 and velocity U; to point 2 (penstock exit) with the following values, When considering the hydropower system, the maximum potential energy is obtained at
H2 as shown in Figure 3.2 below. from the reservoir is conveyed to the turbine through a penstock pipe and the maximun pressure ps, head H7 and velocity U; to point 2 (penstock exit) with the following values, When considering the hydropower system, the maximum potential energy is obtained at
Simplifying and re-arranging the equation 3.3 gives the following relation: But in the penstock pipe with uniform diameter, the pressure, p is given by the following
Simplifying and re-arranging the equation 3.3 gives the following relation: But in the penstock pipe with uniform diameter, the pressure, p is given by the following
weir, gabion weir etc as shown in Figure 3.4 below. To determine the size of the weir structure, the minimum water flow discharge and the main types that are commonly used include concrete weir, masonry block weir, rockfill
weir, gabion weir etc as shown in Figure 3.4 below. To determine the size of the weir structure, the minimum water flow discharge and the main types that are commonly used include concrete weir, masonry block weir, rockfill
The size of the intake in a hydropower plant is usually determined by the amount of water intake or bottom intake types as shown in Figure 3.5 below.
The size of the intake in a hydropower plant is usually determined by the amount of water intake or bottom intake types as shown in Figure 3.5 below.
eight (h) as shown in Figure 3.6 below on which the corresponding cross-sectional area is 3.3.1.2 Headrace canal/conduit
eight (h) as shown in Figure 3.6 below on which the corresponding cross-sectional area is 3.3.1.2 Headrace canal/conduit
sectional area of the canal system is given by the following formula:
sectional area of the canal system is given by the following formula:
Figure 3.8: Longitudinal section of a spillway
Figure 3.8: Longitudinal section of a spillway
es include uPVC, concrete and ductile Iron as shown in the following Table 3.1 When water flow in the penstock pipe, the conversion of potential energy of water at the due their relatively low cost and easy to join and repair. Other materials for the penstock while at lower heads or small-scale hydropower plants HDPE pipes are commonly used in section 3.2 and shown in Figure 3.11 below. The recommended water flow velocity in
es include uPVC, concrete and ductile Iron as shown in the following Table 3.1 When water flow in the penstock pipe, the conversion of potential energy of water at the due their relatively low cost and easy to join and repair. Other materials for the penstock while at lower heads or small-scale hydropower plants HDPE pipes are commonly used in section 3.2 and shown in Figure 3.11 below. The recommended water flow velocity in
pipe (m) and H = head (m) as shown in Figure 3.11 below 3.3.2 The power and control system components
pipe (m) and H = head (m) as shown in Figure 3.11 below 3.3.2 The power and control system components
4.2.1 Energy demand determination methods
4.2.1 Energy demand determination methods
Table 4.2: Domestic electricity allocated for a single household — Power (actual values) Due to the economic development and availability of electricity in few rural village areas
Table 4.2: Domestic electricity allocated for a single household — Power (actual values) Due to the economic development and availability of electricity in few rural village areas
i Note*: Hourly energy demand = =(50+ 36) (1) = 43 Wh
i Note*: Hourly energy demand = =(50+ 36) (1) = 43 Wh
Figure 4.2: Actual power demand curve for a single household
Figure 4.2: Actual power demand curve for a single household
the average energy demand per day is 1,114.38 kWh/day as shown in Table 4.4 below.
the average energy demand per day is 1,114.38 kWh/day as shown in Table 4.4 below.
**: Cumulative hourly energy demand = 10.06 kWh + 8.42 kWh = 18.48 kWh
**: Cumulative hourly energy demand = 10.06 kWh + 8.42 kWh = 18.48 kWh
Table 4.5: Hourly Power demand and daily energy demand values for the case study area
Table 4.5: Hourly Power demand and daily energy demand values for the case study area
Figure 4.3: Power demand curve for the village study community for the computed hourly power demand values for the research study village community.
Figure 4.3: Power demand curve for the village study community for the computed hourly power demand values for the research study village community.
Table 4.6: Current monthly energy demand in the research study village community
Table 4.6: Current monthly energy demand in the research study village community
and value for money as shown in Figure 5.1 below. The information and data for this research study have been gathered from the case study
and value for money as shown in Figure 5.1 below. The information and data for this research study have been gathered from the case study
| Figure 5.2: Landscape of Hhaynu micro-hydro power site location especially the civil works as shown on Figure 5.2 below.
| Figure 5.2: Landscape of Hhaynu micro-hydro power site location especially the civil works as shown on Figure 5.2 below.
and energy determination. 5.3 Field work and data measurements
and energy determination. 5.3 Field work and data measurements
measurements, three (3) locations were identified for the possibility of power hous
measurements, three (3) locations were identified for the possibility of power hous
Figure 5.5: Penstock profile with site elevation
Figure 5.5: Penstock profile with site elevation
Figure 5.6 below shows the water flow velocity profile across the river section. usually slower at the river sides and river bottom and flow faster close to the river surface.
Figure 5.6 below shows the water flow velocity profile across the river section. usually slower at the river sides and river bottom and flow faster close to the river surface.
values obtained after measurements using the current meter are recorded at each point
values obtained after measurements using the current meter are recorded at each point
below and the mean water velocity is calculated using the following formula: velocities at 0.2h, 0.6h and 0.8h of the depth of each strip as shown on Figure 5.8
below and the mean water velocity is calculated using the following formula: velocities at 0.2h, 0.6h and 0.8h of the depth of each strip as shown on Figure 5.8
Figure 5.9: River cross-sectional area shape showing length and width the increased size of the river in terms of depth and width as shown in Figure 5.9 below
Figure 5.9: River cross-sectional area shape showing length and width the increased size of the river in terms of depth and width as shown in Figure 5.9 below
in Figure 5.10 and Figure 5.11 below. Figure 5.10: Model river sub-sections along the river cross-section area [154]
in Figure 5.10 and Figure 5.11 below. Figure 5.10: Model river sub-sections along the river cross-section area [154]
Figure 5.11: Hhaynu river cross-section area measurement datum), i = 1° to n measured points Pp where / = river depth and b = width (distance of measuring point (i) from a river bank
Figure 5.11: Hhaynu river cross-section area measurement datum), i = 1° to n measured points Pp where / = river depth and b = width (distance of measuring point (i) from a river bank
Figure 5.13: Hhaynu river depth profile and width sub-sections at the measurement
Figure 5.13: Hhaynu river depth profile and width sub-sections at the measurement
Figure 5.14: Hhaynu river flow velocity and area calculations this value will be used to calculate the river flow discharge as shown below.
Figure 5.14: Hhaynu river flow velocity and area calculations this value will be used to calculate the river flow discharge as shown below.
litres/second as shown on Figure 5.16 below. To calculate the channel volumetric flow the following formula is used: Re-arranging;
litres/second as shown on Figure 5.16 below. To calculate the channel volumetric flow the following formula is used: Re-arranging;
equation defined from Figure 5.17 below.
equation defined from Figure 5.17 below.
Table 5.2: Hhaynu river flow velocity and flow discharge measured values
Table 5.2: Hhaynu river flow velocity and flow discharge measured values
volumetric river flow values as shown in Table 5.3 below. Note: The negative numbers on the flowrate difference column values are the ones below period from 1985 to 2007 [156]. The obtained historical river flow values have beer the local river basin authority and they represent the actual volumetric river flow for the flow discharge value is at 0.60 m*/s.
volumetric river flow values as shown in Table 5.3 below. Note: The negative numbers on the flowrate difference column values are the ones below period from 1985 to 2007 [156]. The obtained historical river flow values have beer the local river basin authority and they represent the actual volumetric river flow for the flow discharge value is at 0.60 m*/s.
The minimum water flows discharge amount that may be available for power generation
The minimum water flows discharge amount that may be available for power generation
5.4 and Table 5.5 below.
5.4 and Table 5.5 below.
Table 5.5: Standardised % of exceedance with river flowrate
Table 5.5: Standardised % of exceedance with river flowrate
Figure 5.20: Hhaynu river flow duration curve
Figure 5.20: Hhaynu river flow duration curve
5.6 and Table 5.7 below with the respective discharge flow duration curve on Figure 5.21. discharge duration curve with the turbine design flow has been derived and shown in Table
5.6 and Table 5.7 below with the respective discharge flow duration curve on Figure 5.21. discharge duration curve with the turbine design flow has been derived and shown in Table
Figure 5.21: Micro-hydro turbine design discharge flow duration curve Table 5.7: Standardised design flow discharge for the micro-hydro turbine
Figure 5.21: Micro-hydro turbine design discharge flow duration curve Table 5.7: Standardised design flow discharge for the micro-hydro turbine
of the available water flow) as shown in Table 5.8 below. investment [158]. The design value selected for this research is within the specified
of the available water flow) as shown in Table 5.8 below. investment [158]. The design value selected for this research is within the specified
5.10 Power and energy potential assessment iccommodate the available water flow as shown in Table 5.9 below.
5.10 Power and energy potential assessment iccommodate the available water flow as shown in Table 5.9 below.
power and energy potential values for each month on a year is shown in Table 5.10 below. So, based on the above equations and the site data values, the results of the determinec
power and energy potential values for each month on a year is shown in Table 5.10 below. So, based on the above equations and the site data values, the results of the determinec
Note: Mechanical efficiency (Hydraulic and Turbine = 72%) and Electrical efficiency (Generator = 95%) fable 5.11: Optimisation of power potential with the availability of water flow discharge
Note: Mechanical efficiency (Hydraulic and Turbine = 72%) and Electrical efficiency (Generator = 95%) fable 5.11: Optimisation of power potential with the availability of water flow discharge
Figure 5.22: Daily power supply and demand for the local community (Study area)
Figure 5.22: Daily power supply and demand for the local community (Study area)
Figure 5.23: Power potential in relation to water flow discharge and system efficiency production as shown in Figure 5.23 below.
Figure 5.23: Power potential in relation to water flow discharge and system efficiency production as shown in Figure 5.23 below.
For the micro-hydro turbine system with small output power and not connected to the grid
For the micro-hydro turbine system with small output power and not connected to the grid
Figure 6.2: Layout diagram of the hydro turbine-generator and load system 6.2 Design methodology
Figure 6.2: Layout diagram of the hydro turbine-generator and load system 6.2 Design methodology
Figure 6.4: Hydro-turbine system configuration without storage
Figure 6.4: Hydro-turbine system configuration without storage
Figure 6.8: System configuration for the hydro turbine with battery storage
Figure 6.8: System configuration for the hydro turbine with battery storage
to charge the batteries for energy storage, it is noted that when using lead acid battery
to charge the batteries for energy storage, it is noted that when using lead acid battery
system as shown on Figure 6.9 below. during abrupt excess power production or power rejection in order to stabilise the generator
system as shown on Figure 6.9 below. during abrupt excess power production or power rejection in order to stabilise the generator
loads as shown in Table 6.3 below.
loads as shown in Table 6.3 below.
be connected in parallel with 24V bus voltage as shown in Table 6.4 below. required number of batteries from the design and simulation results is 25 pieces that should
be connected in parallel with 24V bus voltage as shown in Table 6.4 below. required number of batteries from the design and simulation results is 25 pieces that should
‘igure 6.11: Micro-hydro turbine with an electrolyser and hydrogen engine-generator and with the maximum storage tank capacity of 30 kg as shown in Figure 6.11 below. In this system design, an additional source of electricity production is from the hydrogen
‘igure 6.11: Micro-hydro turbine with an electrolyser and hydrogen engine-generator and with the maximum storage tank capacity of 30 kg as shown in Figure 6.11 below. In this system design, an additional source of electricity production is from the hydrogen
electricity that is produced and sent to the ballast loads as shown in Table 6.5 below. An electrolyser is an apparatus in which electrolysis is carried out by splitting water
electricity that is produced and sent to the ballast loads as shown in Table 6.5 below. An electrolyser is an apparatus in which electrolysis is carried out by splitting water
hydrogen ions, oxygen gas and electrons as illustrated in Figure 6.12 below. In the process of slitting water molecules, electricity is supplied to the electrodes to initiate
hydrogen ions, oxygen gas and electrons as illustrated in Figure 6.12 below. In the process of slitting water molecules, electricity is supplied to the electrodes to initiate
Table 6.6: Modelling parameter values for PEM electrolyser in Table 6.6 below. the values shown in Table 6.7 below.
Table 6.6: Modelling parameter values for PEM electrolyser in Table 6.6 below. the values shown in Table 6.7 below.
Table 6.8: Hydrogen gas production and consumption (simulation results) Based on the mean hydrogen output from Table 6.8 above, the daily average hydrogen
Table 6.8: Hydrogen gas production and consumption (simulation results) Based on the mean hydrogen output from Table 6.8 above, the daily average hydrogen
Table 6.10: Electrolyser detailed technical specification [173] Note: The standard unit for hydrogen production is Nm*/h which refers to normal meter
Table 6.10: Electrolyser detailed technical specification [173] Note: The standard unit for hydrogen production is Nm*/h which refers to normal meter
different fuel gases as shown in Table 6.12 below.
different fuel gases as shown in Table 6.12 below.
compared to other fuels although it has the lowest density. Due to this property hydrogen
compared to other fuels although it has the lowest density. Due to this property hydrogen
The calculated penstock values for the hydro system are shown in Table 6.16 below. below 10%
The calculated penstock values for the hydro system are shown in Table 6.16 below. below 10%
Table 6.17: Pulley and belt drive design values
Table 6.17: Pulley and belt drive design values
Figure 6.13: Efficiency range with design flow discharge for different turbines [8] cross flow turbine technology, the efficient value is 72% as shown in Figure 6.13 below. value. The turbine efficiency value depends on the type of turbine used and for the selected
Figure 6.13: Efficiency range with design flow discharge for different turbines [8] cross flow turbine technology, the efficient value is 72% as shown in Figure 6.13 below. value. The turbine efficiency value depends on the type of turbine used and for the selected
generator speed under different loading condition as shown in Table 6.18 below.
generator speed under different loading condition as shown in Table 6.18 below.
In micro-hydro-turbine modelling, the tangential characteristics of the micro-hydropowet
In micro-hydro-turbine modelling, the tangential characteristics of the micro-hydropowet
dynamics, generator dynamics and load dynamics as shown in Figure 7.2. The turbine conduit dynamics is related to the dynamics of the water flow in the penstock
dynamics, generator dynamics and load dynamics as shown in Figure 7.2. The turbine conduit dynamics is related to the dynamics of the water flow in the penstock
rotational speed and hence the frequency. may affect the system performance and stability by reducing/increasing the generat 7.2.1 Hydraulic Turbine dynamics
rotational speed and hence the frequency. may affect the system performance and stability by reducing/increasing the generat 7.2.1 Hydraulic Turbine dynamics
Figure 7.5: Water flow discharge through a penstock pipe condition, H = Hs while during transient’s condition H # Hs) flow velocity in the penstock (m/s), H or Hs = Water height (m) (In steady state operating
Figure 7.5: Water flow discharge through a penstock pipe condition, H = Hs while during transient’s condition H # Hs) flow velocity in the penstock (m/s), H or Hs = Water height (m) (In steady state operating
modelling valve position G and flow discharge Q and output pressure head H as shown in Figure 7.7 B: Discharge Q(s) and Mechanical Power P(s) The above equation can be represented in the following block diagram with the input gate
modelling valve position G and flow discharge Q and output pressure head H as shown in Figure 7.7 B: Discharge Q(s) and Mechanical Power P(s) The above equation can be represented in the following block diagram with the input gate
flow discharge Q(s) as shown in details below. It is noted that in this case there is a gain value of 0.146 on the transfer function for the
flow discharge Q(s) as shown in details below. It is noted that in this case there is a gain value of 0.146 on the transfer function for the
a power gain which is pg factor from the formula and also turbine efficiency 7; in or Figure 7.9: Penstock hydraulic model with power gain and efficient factor power. In the conversion process, the output hydraulic power value must be multiplied by 5.2.3.2 Turbine Modelling
a power gain which is pg factor from the formula and also turbine efficiency 7; in or Figure 7.9: Penstock hydraulic model with power gain and efficient factor power. In the conversion process, the output hydraulic power value must be multiplied by 5.2.3.2 Turbine Modelling
By referring to the design parameters for the micro hydro turbine system, the following
By referring to the design parameters for the micro hydro turbine system, the following
5.4 Controls and Governor System locally available and easy to maintain. See Figure 7.15 below for the RPM to frequency
5.4 Controls and Governor System locally available and easy to maintain. See Figure 7.15 below for the RPM to frequency
systems. See Figure 7.16 below for the layout of micro-hydro turbine control system. ‘eedback (PDF) which is not widely used in small scale hydropower plants contro!
systems. See Figure 7.16 below for the layout of micro-hydro turbine control system. ‘eedback (PDF) which is not widely used in small scale hydropower plants contro!
s the speed deviation. The system block diagram is represented by the Figure 7.18 as shown In order to initially analyse the system stability of the above closed loop turbine-generator
s the speed deviation. The system block diagram is represented by the Figure 7.18 as shown In order to initially analyse the system stability of the above closed loop turbine-generator
systems that are widely used to control the hydraulic turbine in micro hydropower for
systems that are widely used to control the hydraulic turbine in micro hydropower for
= Pilot valve and servo-motor time constant (Initial value = 0.05 second
= Pilot valve and servo-motor time constant (Initial value = 0.05 second
Figure 7.21: Hydraulic mechanical governor model above parameters for the mechanical governor is represented in Figure 7.21 below. The general block diagram with a transfer function for a hydro turbine system using the 7.4.4 Electro-hydraulic (PID) governor
Figure 7.21: Hydraulic mechanical governor model above parameters for the mechanical governor is represented in Figure 7.21 below. The general block diagram with a transfer function for a hydro turbine system using the 7.4.4 Electro-hydraulic (PID) governor
Figure 7.23 below. general arrangement of a PJD controller is represented in the following block diagram of
Figure 7.23 below. general arrangement of a PJD controller is represented in the following block diagram of
Figure 7.25: A model block diagram of a Pseudo-Derivative Feedback (PDF) control In the above diagram, the initial value has set with step input i.e. set value with Ki gain of
Figure 7.25: A model block diagram of a Pseudo-Derivative Feedback (PDF) control In the above diagram, the initial value has set with step input i.e. set value with Ki gain of
pilot valve and servo motor as shown in Figure 7.26 below with tuned values.
pilot valve and servo motor as shown in Figure 7.26 below with tuned values.
The shunt load governor can be controlled by an analogue, electronic or microprocessor- loads. During low demand hours of the day, there is excess power that is generated from
The shunt load governor can be controlled by an analogue, electronic or microprocessor- loads. During low demand hours of the day, there is excess power that is generated from
Figure 7.28: Schematic Block diagram of Load Frequency Control coefficient Kp and also changes in generator speed Aw, due to generator loading as shown
Figure 7.28: Schematic Block diagram of Load Frequency Control coefficient Kp and also changes in generator speed Aw, due to generator loading as shown
changes in consumer load demand. See the following Figure 7.29 for more details. speed/frequency of 1500 RPM with 50 Hz which have to be maintained all the time despite
changes in consumer load demand. See the following Figure 7.29 for more details. speed/frequency of 1500 RPM with 50 Hz which have to be maintained all the time despite
T; = Turbine time constant and K; = Turbine gain Tg = Governor time constant and Kg = Governor gair
T; = Turbine time constant and K; = Turbine gain Tg = Governor time constant and Kg = Governor gair
been used in the present study using the hydropower plants in operation.
been used in the present study using the hydropower plants in operation.
shown in Figure 7.32 and Figure 7.33 below and this answers one of the research study
shown in Figure 7.32 and Figure 7.33 below and this answers one of the research study
Figure 7.33: Optimised system design layout
Figure 7.33: Optimised system design layout
8.1 below which represent the relation of H(s) signal response value to the input signal Q(s,
8.1 below which represent the relation of H(s) signal response value to the input signal Q(s,
Figure 8.5 below for more details. In these special characteristics the power output signal, Pm from the micro-hydro turbine is
Figure 8.5 below for more details. In these special characteristics the power output signal, Pm from the micro-hydro turbine is
Figure 8.6: Improved signal responses for the power output in relation to the gate formulated signal response diagram is shown in Figure 8.6. position
Figure 8.6: Improved signal responses for the power output in relation to the gate formulated signal response diagram is shown in Figure 8.6. position
Figure 8.7: Turbine power and gross head variation at different water flow rate discharge, head of 25m and power output of 75kW.
Figure 8.7: Turbine power and gross head variation at different water flow rate discharge, head of 25m and power output of 75kW.
Figure 8.9: Generator speed response to rated load power capacity and no-load power The general performance characteristics results show that, when reducing the load power
Figure 8.9: Generator speed response to rated load power capacity and no-load power The general performance characteristics results show that, when reducing the load power
Figure 8.12: Generator frequency stability response time at the two power supply steps
Figure 8.12: Generator frequency stability response time at the two power supply steps
Figure 8.13: Speed variations at a different water flow rate and head values
Figure 8.13: Speed variations at a different water flow rate and head values
are the most applicable to isolated micro-hydro turbine system like Hhaynu micro-hydro
are the most applicable to isolated micro-hydro turbine system like Hhaynu micro-hydro
From the simulation results, it is also noted that PJD control systems are very quick in
From the simulation results, it is also noted that PJD control systems are very quick in
simulation values for the proportional gain, integral gain and derivative gain for system
simulation values for the proportional gain, integral gain and derivative gain for system
the tuned Kp and Ki values at 0.025 and 1.588 respectively.
the tuned Kp and Ki values at 0.025 and 1.588 respectively.
input simulation value.
input simulation value.
reduce the error changes at a faster rate as shown in Figure 8.19 below. 8.4.4 Load control governor system
reduce the error changes at a faster rate as shown in Figure 8.19 below. 8.4.4 Load control governor system
ighest load power in order to reduce the stability response time. From the above Table 8.2, the results also show that the load power Pz is inversely
ighest load power in order to reduce the stability response time. From the above Table 8.2, the results also show that the load power Pz is inversely
these values have been obtained as shown in Figure 8.20 below. jith the system stability and find the optimum operating conditions and in this research.
these values have been obtained as shown in Figure 8.20 below. jith the system stability and find the optimum operating conditions and in this research.
control governor system shows good results as shown on Figure 8.22 below for the un-
control governor system shows good results as shown on Figure 8.22 below for the un-
seconds of simulation time.
seconds of simulation time.
Figure 8.24: Simulated values for the power and load demand as shown on Figure 8.24 below.
Figure 8.24: Simulated values for the power and load demand as shown on Figure 8.24 below.
Figure 8.26: Dynamic values of generator frequency during a typical day
Figure 8.26: Dynamic values of generator frequency during a typical day
power is lost which is shown by the results from the present study in Table 8.3 below.
power is lost which is shown by the results from the present study in Table 8.3 below.
Note: Simulation time: 1 second to power reduction as shown on Table 8.4 below. the auxiliary power value has reduced to 0.245 kW (reduced by 43.97%) which is valid due
Note: Simulation time: 1 second to power reduction as shown on Table 8.4 below. the auxiliary power value has reduced to 0.245 kW (reduced by 43.97%) which is valid due
Table 8.5: Static simulations results at no load condition
Table 8.5: Static simulations results at no load condition
Figure 8.28: Optimized power supply and demand from micro-hydro and engine From simulation results, it has also been noted that the generator frequency changes are
Figure 8.28: Optimized power supply and demand from micro-hydro and engine From simulation results, it has also been noted that the generator frequency changes are
Figure 8.29: Simulated generator characteristic at 100% and 50% rated Power capacity
Figure 8.29: Simulated generator characteristic at 100% and 50% rated Power capacity
system also increases the overall project cost as shown in Table A.1 below.
system also increases the overall project cost as shown in Table A.1 below.
A.3.3.3 Expected annual revenue The revenues generated by hydrogen and oxygen gas are shown in Table A.2 below. For the Hhaynu Hydropower Scheme, the tariff is fixed in terms of energy use in kilo-watt
A.3.3.3 Expected annual revenue The revenues generated by hydrogen and oxygen gas are shown in Table A.2 below. For the Hhaynu Hydropower Scheme, the tariff is fixed in terms of energy use in kilo-watt
7.2.3.4 Estimated annual costs
7.2.3.4 Estimated annual costs
estimation for this kind of micro-hydropower project [202] as shown on Figure A.1 below.
estimation for this kind of micro-hydropower project [202] as shown on Figure A.1 below.
Table A.5 below. project cost can also be evaluated for the undiscounted and discounted values as shown it evidence that the development of Hhaynu Micro-hydropower plant in Mbulu Tanzania fo including taxes and contingency. Using the NPV value with the selected discount rate, the the purpose of electricity generation with the designed power capacity of 75.5 kW and roject economical. The financial analysis has been done considering total project cost
Table A.5 below. project cost can also be evaluated for the undiscounted and discounted values as shown it evidence that the development of Hhaynu Micro-hydropower plant in Mbulu Tanzania fo including taxes and contingency. Using the NPV value with the selected discount rate, the the purpose of electricity generation with the designed power capacity of 75.5 kW and roject economical. The financial analysis has been done considering total project cost
Note: The total project cost includes the optimized system design Table A.6: Sources of Finance
Note: The total project cost includes the optimized system design Table A.6: Sources of Finance
Fabricated turbine unit
Fabricated turbine unit
Appendix C: Optimized energy utilization block diagram
Appendix C: Optimized energy utilization block diagram
cost-effective products and services. and optimized process treatment and electronic control system (pressure differential systen purity of hydrogen is =99.999%, the dew point is <-50°C, and the pressure is up to 3.2MPa.
cost-effective products and services. and optimized process treatment and electronic control system (pressure differential systen purity of hydrogen is =99.999%, the dew point is <-50°C, and the pressure is up to 3.2MPa.
(https://bjzdfy.en.alibaba.com/ 2spm=a2700.details.cordpanyb. 1.344470cOSxszN6) remote monitoring and fault diagnosis. integrate the existing factory facilities. We can provide the customized design of hydrogen production equipment to optimize and
(https://bjzdfy.en.alibaba.com/ 2spm=a2700.details.cordpanyb. 1.344470cOSxszN6) remote monitoring and fault diagnosis. integrate the existing factory facilities. We can provide the customized design of hydrogen production equipment to optimize and
Weifang Ronsum Power Technology Co. Ltd
Weifang Ronsum Power Technology Co. Ltd
Typical Rated Power Capacity for Electrical Equipment’s
Typical Rated Power Capacity for Electrical Equipment’s
580 California St., Suite 400
San Francisco, CA, 94104
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