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*Comprising mostly Tongans and Samoans. Table 1. Characteristics of study sample size by gender, ethnicity, and age Approximately 36% and 40% of the total sample was classified as overweight and obese, respectively. Height (p<0.0001) and weight (p=0.001) were the only observed gender differences that reached statistical significance, as males were taller and heavier than females. Although the proportion of male smokers (27%) was higher than females (16%), this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.07). Results

Table 1 *Comprising mostly Tongans and Samoans. Table 1. Characteristics of study sample size by gender, ethnicity, and age Approximately 36% and 40% of the total sample was classified as overweight and obese, respectively. Height (p<0.0001) and weight (p=0.001) were the only observed gender differences that reached statistical significance, as males were taller and heavier than females. Although the proportion of male smokers (27%) was higher than females (16%), this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.07). Results

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Table 1. Reasons why patients were not audited The proportion of identified people who were audited varied by ethnicity (Europeans 70.1%, Other Asians 63.8%, Maori 64.6%, Pacific people 65.6%, Indians 66.9%, Others 70.0%; p<0.001). After adjusting for differences in age and gender between ethnic groups, Maori, Pacific, and Other Asians with Type 2 diabetes were still less likely than Europeans to have an audit completed (all p<0.001).
Table 1. Reasons why patients were not audited The proportion of identified people who were audited varied by ethnicity (Europeans 70.1%, Other Asians 63.8%, Maori 64.6%, Pacific people 65.6%, Indians 66.9%, Others 70.0%; p<0.001). After adjusting for differences in age and gender between ethnic groups, Maori, Pacific, and Other Asians with Type 2 diabetes were still less likely than Europeans to have an audit completed (all p<0.001).
Note: Significant p-values indicate that there are significant differences between ethnic groups
Note: Significant p-values indicate that there are significant differences between ethnic groups
Note: Significant p values indicate that there are significant differences between ethnic groups. Table 5. The percentages of patients on various therapies (95% confidence intervals)
Note: Significant p values indicate that there are significant differences between ethnic groups. Table 5. The percentages of patients on various therapies (95% confidence intervals)
Table 6. Odds ratios for patient being on different therapies, adjusted for age and gender (95% confidence intervals) Discussion
Table 6. Odds ratios for patient being on different therapies, adjusted for age and gender (95% confidence intervals) Discussion
Note: Age distribution of Type 1 Maori and Pacific Island patients not included because of small numbers Figure 1. Diabetes patients by age group and ethnicity The small number of Maori and Pacific people with Type | diabetes in our population (47) precludes the calculation of meaningful age distributions for this study group. Among patients with Type | diabetes, there was no significant difference in age between the two study groups, but New Zealand Europeans had more years on average with diagnosed Type | diabetes (p<0.01).
Note: Age distribution of Type 1 Maori and Pacific Island patients not included because of small numbers Figure 1. Diabetes patients by age group and ethnicity The small number of Maori and Pacific people with Type | diabetes in our population (47) precludes the calculation of meaningful age distributions for this study group. Among patients with Type | diabetes, there was no significant difference in age between the two study groups, but New Zealand Europeans had more years on average with diagnosed Type | diabetes (p<0.01).
Table 1. Patients with diabetes listed in practices’ diabetes registers but not reviewed in the Get Checked program
Table 1. Patients with diabetes listed in practices’ diabetes registers but not reviewed in the Get Checked program
*For the difference in proportions or mean difference between ethnic groups.
*For the difference in proportions or mean difference between ethnic groups.
*For the difference in proportions or mean difference between ethnic groups.
*For the difference in proportions or mean difference between ethnic groups.
Note: Distribution for Type 1 Maori and Pacific patients not included because of small number:
Note: Distribution for Type 1 Maori and Pacific patients not included because of small number:
* Data from two members of the Health Survey sample not available
* Data from two members of the Health Survey sample not available
Table 2. New Zealand (NZ) vs. US mean METs—sport and recreation activities
Table 2. New Zealand (NZ) vs. US mean METs—sport and recreation activities
Figure 1. Correlation between METs measured in New Zealand (NZ) and US Compendium Table 4 lists PAs which were classified into different intensity categories when compared to the US instrument. Generally, sport and recreation PAs were performed at lighter intensities, while Other/Incidental/Household PAs were performed at higher intensities. The mean age of participants in this study (48.6 yrs) is not comparable to the US Compendium, as the latter is a compilation of findings from several studies.
Figure 1. Correlation between METs measured in New Zealand (NZ) and US Compendium Table 4 lists PAs which were classified into different intensity categories when compared to the US instrument. Generally, sport and recreation PAs were performed at lighter intensities, while Other/Incidental/Household PAs were performed at higher intensities. The mean age of participants in this study (48.6 yrs) is not comparable to the US Compendium, as the latter is a compilation of findings from several studies.
Table 4. Major discrepancies between US and New Zealand (NZ) METs Subgroup analyses were performed on seven sport and recreation PAs. Females and participants aged 60+ yrs performed four and five PAs at lower mean MET levels, respectively, compared to males and the younger age groups (Table 5). Consequently, three PAs were classified into lighter intensity categories when performed by females or participants aged 60+ years: aerobics, exercise classes/going to the gym/weight training, and swimming.
Table 4. Major discrepancies between US and New Zealand (NZ) METs Subgroup analyses were performed on seven sport and recreation PAs. Females and participants aged 60+ yrs performed four and five PAs at lower mean MET levels, respectively, compared to males and the younger age groups (Table 5). Consequently, three PAs were classified into lighter intensity categories when performed by females or participants aged 60+ years: aerobics, exercise classes/going to the gym/weight training, and swimming.
Table 6. New Zealand METs—MaAori activities
Table 6. New Zealand METs—MaAori activities
\ ppendix 1. Description of Auckland Manutaki’s kapahaka activities’*
\ ppendix 1. Description of Auckland Manutaki’s kapahaka activities’*
* Standard deviation; * ‘rest’ regime refers to the 4 days of no exercise.
* Standard deviation; * ‘rest’ regime refers to the 4 days of no exercise.
Table 3. Changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure for three daily exercise regimes Both exercise regimes produced significantly greater drops in systolic and diastolic blood pressure than with ‘no exercise’ (p<0.05). Mean intensity of brisk walking was estimated to be light to moderate. Mean heart rate following exercise was 68% (standard deviation 6.0) of maximum heart rate. Mean percent heart rate reserve was 41% (standard deviation 9.4).
Table 3. Changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure for three daily exercise regimes Both exercise regimes produced significantly greater drops in systolic and diastolic blood pressure than with ‘no exercise’ (p<0.05). Mean intensity of brisk walking was estimated to be light to moderate. Mean heart rate following exercise was 68% (standard deviation 6.0) of maximum heart rate. Mean percent heart rate reserve was 41% (standard deviation 9.4).
Table 4. Bonferonni analysis of incremental effect on blood pressure of different exercise regimes, including sensitivity analysis* Discussion
Table 4. Bonferonni analysis of incremental effect on blood pressure of different exercise regimes, including sensitivity analysis* Discussion
“Weighted to account for disproportionate sampling; BMI=Body mass index (kg/m’). Table 1. Physical characteristics of the children in the study
“Weighted to account for disproportionate sampling; BMI=Body mass index (kg/m’). Table 1. Physical characteristics of the children in the study
Does not include drinking milk
Does not include drinking milk
* Age standardised; ¥ Crude prevalence, Europeans include Asians, Maori include Polynesians; * Asians include others; * Europeans include others; SADP=South Auckland Diabetes Project.
* Age standardised; ¥ Crude prevalence, Europeans include Asians, Maori include Polynesians; * Asians include others; * Europeans include others; SADP=South Auckland Diabetes Project.
Source: South Auckland Diabetes Project (SADP) survey, 1992-95.'' Middle East=e.g. Iranians, Iraqis, Egyptians; South Asians=e.g. Indians, Sri Lankans, Bangladeshi. Figure 1. Prevalence (%) of known (Type 1 and Type 2) diabetes among 40-49 year olds in South Auckland (by ethnic group)
Source: South Auckland Diabetes Project (SADP) survey, 1992-95.'' Middle East=e.g. Iranians, Iraqis, Egyptians; South Asians=e.g. Indians, Sri Lankans, Bangladeshi. Figure 1. Prevalence (%) of known (Type 1 and Type 2) diabetes among 40-49 year olds in South Auckland (by ethnic group)
Sources: Figure 2. The changing epidemiology of diabetes in New Zealand: 1991-2011 (indicates numbers, and proportions by ethnicity, of people with diabetes)
Sources: Figure 2. The changing epidemiology of diabetes in New Zealand: 1991-2011 (indicates numbers, and proportions by ethnicity, of people with diabetes)
Data are mean + SD unless otherwise stated; * Transferred from diet/pill to insulin; ‘Data are geometric mean.
Data are mean + SD unless otherwise stated; * Transferred from diet/pill to insulin; ‘Data are geometric mean.
Number of New Renal Disease Patients w ith Diabetes Co-morbidity: 1991-2003 Number of Dialysis Patients with Diabetic Primary Renal Disease: 1997-2003 Other diabetes-related complications Figure 3. Numbers of dialysis patients with diabetic primary renal disease and new renal disease patients with diabetes (by ethnicity)
Number of New Renal Disease Patients w ith Diabetes Co-morbidity: 1991-2003 Number of Dialysis Patients with Diabetic Primary Renal Disease: 1997-2003 Other diabetes-related complications Figure 3. Numbers of dialysis patients with diabetic primary renal disease and new renal disease patients with diabetes (by ethnicity)
Figure 1. Thyroid echo showed a 3.5x2.8x1.6-cm hypoechoic mass in the right lobe of the thyroid gland
Figure 1. Thyroid echo showed a 3.5x2.8x1.6-cm hypoechoic mass in the right lobe of the thyroid gland
Figure 2. Fine-needle aspiration cytology results indicated thyroid lymphoma. (Liu's stain, original magnification x400.)
Figure 2. Fine-needle aspiration cytology results indicated thyroid lymphoma. (Liu's stain, original magnification x400.)
Figure 4. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated strong positivity for IGA (avidin-biotin complex, original magnification x100)
Figure 4. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated strong positivity for IGA (avidin-biotin complex, original magnification x100)
Figure 1. Hyperkeratotic psoriasiform plaques on the left hand of our case Laboratory findings were within normal limits, and the only abnormal finding in physical examination (except skin lesions) was significant voice hoarseness. The patient claimed that skin lesions had preceded voice hoarseness. With these findings, an endoscopic examination of larynx was performed that showed a tumoural lesion in the left posterior ventricle extending up to the vocal cord.
Figure 1. Hyperkeratotic psoriasiform plaques on the left hand of our case Laboratory findings were within normal limits, and the only abnormal finding in physical examination (except skin lesions) was significant voice hoarseness. The patient claimed that skin lesions had preceded voice hoarseness. With these findings, an endoscopic examination of larynx was performed that showed a tumoural lesion in the left posterior ventricle extending up to the vocal cord.
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