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increase the number of micelles per unit volume. shown in Fig. 1.2 below. An increase in surfactant concentration tends to

Figure 1 increase the number of micelles per unit volume. shown in Fig. 1.2 below. An increase in surfactant concentration tends to

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brings about economic stability. Figure 1.1: Worldwide distribution of platinum group metals
brings about economic stability. Figure 1.1: Worldwide distribution of platinum group metals
that the head groups occupy not more than a third of the micelle surface
that the head groups occupy not more than a third of the micelle surface
Figure 1.4: Schematic diagram showing the occurrence of the cmc with
Figure 1.4: Schematic diagram showing the occurrence of the cmc with
Figure 1.5: A typical phase diagram of an ionic surfactant showing the
Figure 1.5: A typical phase diagram of an ionic surfactant showing the
Table 1.1: Examples of common surfactants The structure of the cationic surfactant, namely, cetylpyridinium chloride that was used for this research study is shown in Fig 1.6 below.
Table 1.1: Examples of common surfactants The structure of the cationic surfactant, namely, cetylpyridinium chloride that was used for this research study is shown in Fig 1.6 below.
Table 1.2 contd: Description of different types of membranes
Table 1.2 contd: Description of different types of membranes
is increased surface area. A number of capillary or hollow fibres can be capillaries or hollow fibre. The advantage of a hollow fibre configuration
is increased surface area. A number of capillary or hollow fibres can be capillaries or hollow fibre. The advantage of a hollow fibre configuration
using those processes is shown in Fig. 1.9 below. Membrane filtration processes can be applied to the treatment of
using those processes is shown in Fig. 1.9 below. Membrane filtration processes can be applied to the treatment of
Table 1.3: Summary of pressure-driven membrane separation processes /°
Table 1.3: Summary of pressure-driven membrane separation processes /°
Figure 1.10: A mechanistic scheme showing the adsorption of an anionic
Figure 1.10: A mechanistic scheme showing the adsorption of an anionic
Table 2.1: List of chemicals used for synthesis and analysis used without purification.
Table 2.1: List of chemicals used for synthesis and analysis used without purification.
Figure 2.1: SEM image of a cross-section of the polysulphone hollow [hese images are found in Figs. 2.1 and 2.2 respectively.
Figure 2.1: SEM image of a cross-section of the polysulphone hollow [hese images are found in Figs. 2.1 and 2.2 respectively.
Figure 2.2: SEM image of a part of the outer surface of the polysulphone
Figure 2.2: SEM image of a part of the outer surface of the polysulphone
Table 2.2: Major components of lab scale MEUF system
Table 2.2: Major components of lab scale MEUF system
Figure 2.3: Photo of a laboratory scale MEUF system
Figure 2.3: Photo of a laboratory scale MEUF system
Figure 2.4: Schematic diagram of MEUF system
Figure 2.4: Schematic diagram of MEUF system
2.4.2 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
2.4.2 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
2.5.2 Assessmentand monitoring of the membrane condition
2.5.2 Assessmentand monitoring of the membrane condition
Figure 2.7: Pure water flux measurements at 100 kPa taken after various
Figure 2.7: Pure water flux measurements at 100 kPa taken after various
below with the data in Table A3 in Appendix A. Figure 3.2: Effect of temperature variation at 10 mM CPC and 150 kPa
below with the data in Table A3 in Appendix A. Figure 3.2: Effect of temperature variation at 10 mM CPC and 150 kPa
Figure 3.3: Effect of CPC concentration variation at 30 °C and 150 kPa
Figure 3.3: Effect of CPC concentration variation at 30 °C and 150 kPa
Figure 3.4: Investigation of Pt and Pd anions retention at 150 kPa and be obtained in Tables A5 and A6 in Appendix A.
Figure 3.4: Investigation of Pt and Pd anions retention at 150 kPa and be obtained in Tables A5 and A6 in Appendix A.
Figure 3.5: Investigation of Pt and Pd anions retention at 150 kPa and
Figure 3.5: Investigation of Pt and Pd anions retention at 150 kPa and
Figure 3.6: Species distribution curves of Pd/Chloride system (generated by IUPAC Stability Constant Database speciation software © IUPAC
Figure 3.6: Species distribution curves of Pd/Chloride system (generated by IUPAC Stability Constant Database speciation software © IUPAC
-igure 3.8: Effects of sodium chloride on retention of Pt and Pd anions in acidic medium at 150 kPa and 30°C using 40 mM CPC Figure 3.8: Effects of sodium chloride on retention of Pt and Pd anions
-igure 3.8: Effects of sodium chloride on retention of Pt and Pd anions in acidic medium at 150 kPa and 30°C using 40 mM CPC Figure 3.8: Effects of sodium chloride on retention of Pt and Pd anions
Figure 3.9: Effect of various species on flux at 150 kPa and 30°C
Figure 3.9: Effect of various species on flux at 150 kPa and 30°C
From the curves in Fig. 4.1 above, it can be seen that cetylpyridinium
From the curves in Fig. 4.1 above, it can be seen that cetylpyridinium
molecules being adsorbed is reached at higher nitrate concentration.
molecules being adsorbed is reached at higher nitrate concentration.
Figure 4.5: Study of variation of sodium chloride acid concentration at 30°C, 150 kPa and 10 mM CPC Figure 4.5: Study of variation of sodium chloride acid concentration at
Figure 4.5: Study of variation of sodium chloride acid concentration at 30°C, 150 kPa and 10 mM CPC Figure 4.5: Study of variation of sodium chloride acid concentration at
Fig. 5.1 below:
Fig. 5.1 below:
Figure 5.2: Plot of the conductivity vs CPC concentration in the presence
Figure 5.2: Plot of the conductivity vs CPC concentration in the presence
Figure 5.3: Plot of the Conductivity vs CPC concentration in the presence of 0.01 mM Pd (Il) anions in aqua regia Figure 5.3: Plot of the Conductivity vs CPC concentration in the
Figure 5.3: Plot of the Conductivity vs CPC concentration in the presence of 0.01 mM Pd (Il) anions in aqua regia Figure 5.3: Plot of the Conductivity vs CPC concentration in the
Figure 5.4: Plot of the conductivity vs CPC concentration in the presence of 0.01 mM Pt (IV) anions in aqua regia. Figure 5.4: Plot of the conductivity vs CPC concentration in the presence
Figure 5.4: Plot of the conductivity vs CPC concentration in the presence of 0.01 mM Pt (IV) anions in aqua regia. Figure 5.4: Plot of the conductivity vs CPC concentration in the presence
Figure 6.1: MEUF of Pt (IV) anions at 40 mM CPC, 30°C, and 150 kPa in
Figure 6.1: MEUF of Pt (IV) anions at 40 mM CPC, 30°C, and 150 kPa in
-igure 6.2: MEUF of Pd (Il) anions at 40 mM CPC, 30°C, and 150 kPa in
-igure 6.2: MEUF of Pd (Il) anions at 40 mM CPC, 30°C, and 150 kPa in
(1 = constant Pd concentration ratio, x = changing Pt concentration ratio) Figure 6.3: MEUF of a mixture of Pd (Il) - Pt (IV) anions at 40 mM CPC, QNSR and 1RN kDa in anidninr maditim
(1 = constant Pd concentration ratio, x = changing Pt concentration ratio) Figure 6.3: MEUF of a mixture of Pd (Il) - Pt (IV) anions at 40 mM CPC, QNSR and 1RN kDa in anidninr maditim
(1 = constant Pt concentration ratio, x = changing Pd concentration ratio) Figure 6.4: MEUF of a mixture of Pt (IV)-Pd (Il) anions at 40 mM CPC, ee *; + tk. 2 Hm
(1 = constant Pt concentration ratio, x = changing Pd concentration ratio) Figure 6.4: MEUF of a mixture of Pt (IV)-Pd (Il) anions at 40 mM CPC, ee *; + tk. 2 Hm
Figure 6.5: Effects of metal ion ratio on CPC retention in acidic mediun obtained in Tables D5 and D6 in Appendix D.
Figure 6.5: Effects of metal ion ratio on CPC retention in acidic mediun obtained in Tables D5 and D6 in Appendix D.
Table A2: Effect of pressure variation Table A2 (1): CPC data
Table A2: Effect of pressure variation Table A2 (1): CPC data
Table Al: CPC calibration curve
Table Al: CPC calibration curve
Table A2 (2): Averaged data: Effect of pressure variation
Table A2 (2): Averaged data: Effect of pressure variation
Table A4: CPC concentration variation
Table A4: CPC concentration variation
Table A8: Pd ultrafiltration with varying CPC concentration in neutral medium
Table A8: Pd ultrafiltration with varying CPC concentration in neutral medium
Table A9: Averaged data of Pt and Pd ultrafiltration with varyins CPC concentration in neutral medium
Table A9: Averaged data of Pt and Pd ultrafiltration with varyins CPC concentration in neutral medium
Table A10: Separation study of Pt/Pd mixture in acidic medium
Table A10: Separation study of Pt/Pd mixture in acidic medium
Palladium-cetylpyridinium chloride-sodium chloride system
Palladium-cetylpyridinium chloride-sodium chloride system
Platinum-cetylpyridinium chloride-sodium chloride system
Platinum-cetylpyridinium chloride-sodium chloride system
Table A 12: Flux variation with CPC concentration in various experimental conditions (Membrane response)
Table A 12: Flux variation with CPC concentration in various experimental conditions (Membrane response)
Table A 13: Flux measurements after ultrafiltration of various species
Table A 13: Flux measurements after ultrafiltration of various species
Table B1: Variation of hydrochloric acid concentration Table B2: Variation of nitric acid concentration
Table B1: Variation of hydrochloric acid concentration Table B2: Variation of nitric acid concentration
Table B3: Variation of sodium chloride concentration
Table B3: Variation of sodium chloride concentration
Table C2: Determination of the cmc of CPC in the presence of 0.5 mM HCI
Table C2: Determination of the cmc of CPC in the presence of 0.5 mM HCI
Table C4: Determination of cmc of CPC in the presence of Pt and aqua regia
Table C4: Determination of cmc of CPC in the presence of Pt and aqua regia
Table D4: Metal ion data
Table D4: Metal ion data
Table D7: Metal ion data when [Pd]: [Pt] =1: x Table D8: Metal ion data when [Pt]: [Pd] =1: x
Table D7: Metal ion data when [Pd]: [Pt] =1: x Table D8: Metal ion data when [Pt]: [Pd] =1: x
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