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Fig. 9. Effect of wind speed on the odour plume for site 2: (a) wind speed of 1.2ms7! (tests 9, 11, 13 and 17) and (b) wind speed of 4.9 m s~! (tests 7 and 15). The odour generator is 15 m away from the windbreak. An odour concentration of 2 Ou m7? is used to draw the final contour of the odourous zone.

Figure 9 Effect of wind speed on the odour plume for site 2: (a) wind speed of 1.2ms7! (tests 9, 11, 13 and 17) and (b) wind speed of 4.9 m s~! (tests 7 and 15). The odour generator is 15 m away from the windbreak. An odour concentration of 2 Ou m7? is used to draw the final contour of the odourous zone.

Related Figures (14)

Fig. 1. Experimental windbreaks on all four sites, also illustrating the odour generator mounted in the box of a pick up truck. Livestock and poultry producers in North America have installed windbreak walls near the outlets of the fans venting their livestock shelters to help reduce dust and odours emissions. The effect of such walls was studied by means of smoke emitters and simulated using a Gaussian model (Bottcher et al., 2000, 2001). The windbreak walls were found to vertically divert the odours and dust from the exhaust fans and promote mixing of the odourous dusty air with the wind flowing over the building, but not to be as effective as tall stacks. However, field measurements are still
Fig. 1. Experimental windbreaks on all four sites, also illustrating the odour generator mounted in the box of a pick up truck. Livestock and poultry producers in North America have installed windbreak walls near the outlets of the fans venting their livestock shelters to help reduce dust and odours emissions. The effect of such walls was studied by means of smoke emitters and simulated using a Gaussian model (Bottcher et al., 2000, 2001). The windbreak walls were found to vertically divert the odours and dust from the exhaust fans and promote mixing of the odourous dusty air with the wind flowing over the building, but not to be as effective as tall stacks. However, field measurements are still
Site 1 one raw of mature poplars
Site 1 one raw of mature poplars
Note: All locations are located within 50 km of the Island of Montreal, Canada, in the south-west direction. * Tree type. Experimental windbreak found on each site Table |
Note: All locations are located within 50 km of the Island of Montreal, Canada, in the south-west direction. * Tree type. Experimental windbreak found on each site Table |
Fig. 2. The mobile odour generator mounted in the box of a pick up truck.
Fig. 2. The mobile odour generator mounted in the box of a pick up truck.
Fig. 3. (a) Relationship between odour intensity (OI) and odour concen- tration (Odour) for a group of panellists. (b) Odour concentration (Odour) produced by the generator during tests 3 and 4, when started at 8:30 a.m.; the panellists started to evaluate the odour plume at 8:42 a.m. and finished evaluating the second plume at 10:30 a.m., while odour samples were taken at the generator at 8:50, 9:20, 9:50 and 10:20 a.m., and the odour generator flow rate is 2.0m? 571.
Fig. 3. (a) Relationship between odour intensity (OI) and odour concen- tration (Odour) for a group of panellists. (b) Odour concentration (Odour) produced by the generator during tests 3 and 4, when started at 8:30 a.m.; the panellists started to evaluate the odour plume at 8:42 a.m. and finished evaluating the second plume at 10:30 a.m., while odour samples were taken at the generator at 8:50, 9:20, 9:50 and 10:20 a.m., and the odour generator flow rate is 2.0m? 571.
Note: NW—no windbreak; OG—odour generator distance upwind from the windbreak; OE—average odour emission during the test; WS—average wind speed; angle—angle between the windbreak and the wind, 90° being perpendicular; T—average temperature measured during the test, AS—Pasquill—Grifford atmospheric stability condition, where B and C are unstable classes and D is a stable class.
Note: NW—no windbreak; OG—odour generator distance upwind from the windbreak; OE—average odour emission during the test; WS—average wind speed; angle—angle between the windbreak and the wind, 90° being perpendicular; T—average temperature measured during the test, AS—Pasquill—Grifford atmospheric stability condition, where B and C are unstable classes and D is a stable class.
Fig. 5. Effect of windbreak optical porosity on odour plume: (a) windbreak porosity of 55% on site | (test 2) and (b) windbreak porosity of 35% on site 2 (test 16). The odour generator is 30 m away from the windbreak. An odour concentration of 2 Ou m7? is used to draw the final contour of the odourous zone.
Fig. 5. Effect of windbreak optical porosity on odour plume: (a) windbreak porosity of 55% on site | (test 2) and (b) windbreak porosity of 35% on site 2 (test 16). The odour generator is 30 m away from the windbreak. An odour concentration of 2 Ou m7? is used to draw the final contour of the odourous zone.
Fig. 4. Odour plumes on sites 2 and 5: (a) without windbreak (tests 37, 38 and 39) and (b) with windbreak on the site 2 (tests 5, 8, 12 and 16). An odour concentration of 2 Ou m~° is used to draw the final contour of the odourous zones.
Fig. 4. Odour plumes on sites 2 and 5: (a) without windbreak (tests 37, 38 and 39) and (b) with windbreak on the site 2 (tests 5, 8, 12 and 16). An odour concentration of 2 Ou m~° is used to draw the final contour of the odourous zones.
Fig. 6. Effect on odour plume of odour generator distance from the wind- break for site 2: (a) odour generator 15 m away (test 13) and (b) odour generator 60 m away (test 14). An odour concentration of 2 Ou m~? is used to draw the final contour of the odourous zone.
Fig. 6. Effect on odour plume of odour generator distance from the wind- break for site 2: (a) odour generator 15 m away (test 13) and (b) odour generator 60 m away (test 14). An odour concentration of 2 Ou m~? is used to draw the final contour of the odourous zone.
Fig. 7. Effect of tree type on odour plume: (a) site 1 with deciduous trees (test 1) and (b) site 3 with coniferous trees (test 20). The odour generator is 15 m away from the windbreak. An odour concentration of 2 Ou m~° is used to draw the final contour of the odourous zone.
Fig. 7. Effect of tree type on odour plume: (a) site 1 with deciduous trees (test 1) and (b) site 3 with coniferous trees (test 20). The odour generator is 15 m away from the windbreak. An odour concentration of 2 Ou m~° is used to draw the final contour of the odourous zone.
Fig. 8. Effect of air temperature on odour plume: (a) air temperature above 20 °C for site 2 (tests 6, 10, 18 and 19) and (b) air temperature below 0 °C for site 4 (tests 29 and 30). The odour generator is 60m away from the windbreak. An odour concentration of 2 Ou m~* is used to draw the final contour of the odourous zone.
Fig. 8. Effect of air temperature on odour plume: (a) air temperature above 20 °C for site 2 (tests 6, 10, 18 and 19) and (b) air temperature below 0 °C for site 4 (tests 29 and 30). The odour generator is 60m away from the windbreak. An odour concentration of 2 Ou m~* is used to draw the final contour of the odourous zone.
Fig. 10. Effect of wind direction on odour plume: (a) wind direction of 90° to the windbreak (test 15) and (b) wind direction of 40° to the windbreak (test 17). In this coordinate system, positive x- and y-axes point to east and north, respectively, and wind direction has not been normalized. The odour generator is 15m away from the windbreak, and the respective wind velocities are 5.1 and 1.5ms~!. An odour concentration of 2 Ou m7? is used to draw the final contour of the odourous zone.
Fig. 10. Effect of wind direction on odour plume: (a) wind direction of 90° to the windbreak (test 15) and (b) wind direction of 40° to the windbreak (test 17). In this coordinate system, positive x- and y-axes point to east and north, respectively, and wind direction has not been normalized. The odour generator is 15m away from the windbreak, and the respective wind velocities are 5.1 and 1.5ms~!. An odour concentration of 2 Ou m7? is used to draw the final contour of the odourous zone.
Tests selected to compare windbreak performance Note: MOP—maximum odour peak; FOP—odour peak measured further away from the source Table 3
Tests selected to compare windbreak performance Note: MOP—maximum odour peak; FOP—odour peak measured further away from the source Table 3
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