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Figure 13. Bionic Eye. Left (DOE Artificial Retina Project). A microelectrode array inserted on the surface of the retina of the eye directly stimulates ganglion cells to generate action potentials in the optic nerve. Although, pre-processing in the plexus layer does not take place, the retinal nerves still convey spatial information to the brain. Right (DOE Artificial Retina Project). The effective resolution of the implants is expected to improve with time in accordance with Moore’s Law as manufacturing improvements reduce the size and effectiveness of electrodes as transducers and their density.

Figure 13 Bionic Eye. Left (DOE Artificial Retina Project). A microelectrode array inserted on the surface of the retina of the eye directly stimulates ganglion cells to generate action potentials in the optic nerve. Although, pre-processing in the plexus layer does not take place, the retinal nerves still convey spatial information to the brain. Right (DOE Artificial Retina Project). The effective resolution of the implants is expected to improve with time in accordance with Moore’s Law as manufacturing improvements reduce the size and effectiveness of electrodes as transducers and their density.

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coordinate whole nations for good or evil via their broadcasts. The rapidity with which the relatively new medium of broadcast radio could coordinate social reactions (panic in this case) wa: exemplified by Orson Welles’ War of the Worlds (the original radio broadcast is preserved by Internet Archive), based on a dramatization of H.G. Wells’ 1898 book, “The War of the Worlds’ (Figure 1).
coordinate whole nations for good or evil via their broadcasts. The rapidity with which the relatively new medium of broadcast radio could coordinate social reactions (panic in this case) wa: exemplified by Orson Welles’ War of the Worlds (the original radio broadcast is preserved by Internet Archive), based on a dramatization of H.G. Wells’ 1898 book, “The War of the Worlds’ (Figure 1).
CPU Transistor Counts 1971-2008 & Moore’s Law As I write this section, the effects of Moore’s Law continue unabated. In fact, following Koh & Magee (2006) and Nagy et al’s (2011) analyses based on information storage (per unit volume), bandwidth, and calculations per second, as well as their costs; the evidence suggests the increases
CPU Transistor Counts 1971-2008 & Moore’s Law As I write this section, the effects of Moore’s Law continue unabated. In fact, following Koh & Magee (2006) and Nagy et al’s (2011) analyses based on information storage (per unit volume), bandwidth, and calculations per second, as well as their costs; the evidence suggests the increases
(http://aws.amazon.com/s3/pricing/). As part of the AWS Free Usage Tier, you can get started with Amazon S3 for free. Upon sign-up, new AWS customers receive 5 GB of Amazon S3 storage, 20,000 Get Requests, 2,000 Put Requests, and 15GB of data transfer out each month for one year.... AWS’s free usage tier can be used for anything you want to run in the cloud: launch new applications, test existing applications in the cloud, or simply gain hands-on experience with AWS (http://aws.amazon.com/s3/pricing/). Pipes Bandwidth refers to the rate (generally measured in bits per second) that information can flow through communication “pipes”, especially in this context - between users and the cloud and between various points in the cloud. From the user point of view, two kinds of bandwidth are
(http://aws.amazon.com/s3/pricing/). As part of the AWS Free Usage Tier, you can get started with Amazon S3 for free. Upon sign-up, new AWS customers receive 5 GB of Amazon S3 storage, 20,000 Get Requests, 2,000 Put Requests, and 15GB of data transfer out each month for one year.... AWS’s free usage tier can be used for anything you want to run in the cloud: launch new applications, test existing applications in the cloud, or simply gain hands-on experience with AWS (http://aws.amazon.com/s3/pricing/). Pipes Bandwidth refers to the rate (generally measured in bits per second) that information can flow through communication “pipes”, especially in this context - between users and the cloud and between various points in the cloud. From the user point of view, two kinds of bandwidth are
MaGMtwwae (NOL Ot WLCQEe ZUUO). This means that what was only a pocket-sized mobile phone able to remember a few phone numbers some 22 years ago in 1989 (e.g., Motorola’s state of the art Micro’ PAC 9800x)!2 weighing 12.3 oz, selling for US$2,495 and US $3,495 has become a “smartphone”, which is in effect multipurpose cognitive prosthesis for connecting its user's mind to the full resources of the Web from anywhere in the world. An example is Apple’s $399 64 GB iPhone 4S“8, whose functions are isted below. The length of this list may seem to be overkill, but I need to make it clear that this is what results when the doubling time of technological performance is now less than a year (Nagy et al. 2011). It should also be noted that the smartphone market is highly competitive, with a number of other suppliers than Apple also offering comparable technology, using Google’s open Android technology such as Motorola Atrix 4G and Samsung Galaxy S III; and Nokia Lumia 900 using Microsoft’s Windows technology. These devices are unlikely to represent the end of technological convergence.
MaGMtwwae (NOL Ot WLCQEe ZUUO). This means that what was only a pocket-sized mobile phone able to remember a few phone numbers some 22 years ago in 1989 (e.g., Motorola’s state of the art Micro’ PAC 9800x)!2 weighing 12.3 oz, selling for US$2,495 and US $3,495 has become a “smartphone”, which is in effect multipurpose cognitive prosthesis for connecting its user's mind to the full resources of the Web from anywhere in the world. An example is Apple’s $399 64 GB iPhone 4S“8, whose functions are isted below. The length of this list may seem to be overkill, but I need to make it clear that this is what results when the doubling time of technological performance is now less than a year (Nagy et al. 2011). It should also be noted that the smartphone market is highly competitive, with a number of other suppliers than Apple also offering comparable technology, using Google’s open Android technology such as Motorola Atrix 4G and Samsung Galaxy S III; and Nokia Lumia 900 using Microsoft’s Windows technology. These devices are unlikely to represent the end of technological convergence.
Figure 5. A group of children texting each other instead of talking (From Humanity+). In 2004, the mobile phone was mainly useful for talking to and texting other people. Since then, the computational power of the phone has continued to grow superexponentially. There is now a vast and rapidly growing array of smartphone/tablet apps (applications) that serve to directly interface the user’s brain with essentially the knowledge of the world. I list some of the pioneering killer apps and their characteristics here that are daily increasing the potential powers of smartphones and tablets. In addition to those listed there are many other applications offering these and more capabilities:
Figure 5. A group of children texting each other instead of talking (From Humanity+). In 2004, the mobile phone was mainly useful for talking to and texting other people. Since then, the computational power of the phone has continued to grow superexponentially. There is now a vast and rapidly growing array of smartphone/tablet apps (applications) that serve to directly interface the user’s brain with essentially the knowledge of the world. I list some of the pioneering killer apps and their characteristics here that are daily increasing the potential powers of smartphones and tablets. In addition to those listed there are many other applications offering these and more capabilities:
Figure 6. Interactions involved in processing perceptual information into action (corresponding to a single OODA loop). After Francis et al. (2009)
Figure 6. Interactions involved in processing perceptual information into action (corresponding to a single OODA loop). After Francis et al. (2009)
yf the eye), transduced by neural “receptors” (see also transduction - physiology) into internall yropagating neural disturbances (usually action potentials). In the physical to neural transductio1 nergy that corresponds to the attended stimulus reaches specialized cells sensitive to this energy The physical disturbance causes the cell to release energy to form an electro-chemical actio otential able to propagate along a nerve fiber. Note, the action potential is not a result ¢ onverting the physical stimulus into the action potential. Rather, intrinsic processes within tk ierve cell or “neuron” triggered by the external disturbance create the propagating action potentia Nerve cells communicate with one-another via synapses, where the axon of the “excited” ce eleases a neurotransmitter or electrical disturbance that may trigger a new action potential in lendrite of the receiving cell that, depending on other influences acting on the cell during a critics ime period, may or may not then propagate through that cell. In the brain or spinal cord thes yropagating action potentials stimulate a variety of other nerves in various levels of neur yrocessing leading to some kind of “perception” and “recognition” within the brain of the exter: WreimMetancec that created the nhvecical ehmili from the anvirnnment orm an nd cone | TeasoO each the o im nab ells, th Tessier- Lavigne 2000; Wass ossibly to act on, what is see e cells 3ased on many years study of ve eu ptic atl in tu nderstanding of nerve. The rod an m network with erve. Thus the action poten nformation to the brain) are signals in the optic nerve en ess well understood. In hearing (Evans 1992; Moo In vision, the eyeball processes it. ight as a camera, where the comea and lens focus photons tc age of the external world on the retina at the back of the eye, where the specialized roc transduce photon stimuli (the yellow flashes in Figure 8 - left) into action potentials. rtebrate eyes (beginning with frogs - Lettvin et al., 1959)” there i f how visual signals are neurally processed in the retina before they d cone cells network with a variety of “bipolar” and “horizontal’ ine” and “ganglion” cells connecting to branches of the optic s output to the different afferent fibers (i.e., those conductin ing like the raster scan or pixel image a camera might transm. things like edges and their orientation, contrast, motion, etc. K C e 2004). Further processing takes place in the brain to understand, an lier 2001; DiCarlo et al. 2012). This further processing is muct C re 2003; King & Nelken 2009 - Figure 8 upper right), physica
yf the eye), transduced by neural “receptors” (see also transduction - physiology) into internall yropagating neural disturbances (usually action potentials). In the physical to neural transductio1 nergy that corresponds to the attended stimulus reaches specialized cells sensitive to this energy The physical disturbance causes the cell to release energy to form an electro-chemical actio otential able to propagate along a nerve fiber. Note, the action potential is not a result ¢ onverting the physical stimulus into the action potential. Rather, intrinsic processes within tk ierve cell or “neuron” triggered by the external disturbance create the propagating action potentia Nerve cells communicate with one-another via synapses, where the axon of the “excited” ce eleases a neurotransmitter or electrical disturbance that may trigger a new action potential in lendrite of the receiving cell that, depending on other influences acting on the cell during a critics ime period, may or may not then propagate through that cell. In the brain or spinal cord thes yropagating action potentials stimulate a variety of other nerves in various levels of neur yrocessing leading to some kind of “perception” and “recognition” within the brain of the exter: WreimMetancec that created the nhvecical ehmili from the anvirnnment orm an nd cone | TeasoO each the o im nab ells, th Tessier- Lavigne 2000; Wass ossibly to act on, what is see e cells 3ased on many years study of ve eu ptic atl in tu nderstanding of nerve. The rod an m network with erve. Thus the action poten nformation to the brain) are signals in the optic nerve en ess well understood. In hearing (Evans 1992; Moo In vision, the eyeball processes it. ight as a camera, where the comea and lens focus photons tc age of the external world on the retina at the back of the eye, where the specialized roc transduce photon stimuli (the yellow flashes in Figure 8 - left) into action potentials. rtebrate eyes (beginning with frogs - Lettvin et al., 1959)” there i f how visual signals are neurally processed in the retina before they d cone cells network with a variety of “bipolar” and “horizontal’ ine” and “ganglion” cells connecting to branches of the optic s output to the different afferent fibers (i.e., those conductin ing like the raster scan or pixel image a camera might transm. things like edges and their orientation, contrast, motion, etc. K C e 2004). Further processing takes place in the brain to understand, an lier 2001; DiCarlo et al. 2012). This further processing is muct C re 2003; King & Nelken 2009 - Figure 8 upper right), physica
action potentials when movements of the fluid cause the hair cells’ cilia to bend. Unlike the eye, action potentials in afferent fibers in the auditory nerve from different areas of the cochlea to the brain correspond reasonably directly with those generated by hair cells in different areas of the cochlea. At low frequencies of sound, the frequency of action potentials corresponds roughly to the sound frequency. As the frequency rises beyond what the nerves can conduct, frequency is detected by the resonance of particular areas of the cochlea (basal or proximal end of the cochlear canal resonates at a higher frequency than the distal end). Processing in the brain then decode the input from the auditory nerve as understandable sounds. Figure 8. Human sensory transducers. Left: the retina of the eye, Top right: cochlear transducers. Bottom right: transducers in the skin. Yellow arrows: physical stimuli. (based on Francis et al. 2009)
action potentials when movements of the fluid cause the hair cells’ cilia to bend. Unlike the eye, action potentials in afferent fibers in the auditory nerve from different areas of the cochlea to the brain correspond reasonably directly with those generated by hair cells in different areas of the cochlea. At low frequencies of sound, the frequency of action potentials corresponds roughly to the sound frequency. As the frequency rises beyond what the nerves can conduct, frequency is detected by the resonance of particular areas of the cochlea (basal or proximal end of the cochlear canal resonates at a higher frequency than the distal end). Processing in the brain then decode the input from the auditory nerve as understandable sounds. Figure 8. Human sensory transducers. Left: the retina of the eye, Top right: cochlear transducers. Bottom right: transducers in the skin. Yellow arrows: physical stimuli. (based on Francis et al. 2009)
Augmenting cognition via technological interfaces The cognitive processes involved in making sense of and orienting to a particular set of stimuli involve classifying the sensory impressions of the world at a given time (world state 1) against memory. This allows the impressions to be evaluated against a knowledge of past events and changes, that may lead to recognition of a need or desire for some kind of action to protect from or take advantage of external circumstances (as they were sensed). The need or desire for action may stimulate the synthesis of specific ac assembly of output responses tion is chosen from among a a range of possible actions. Decision is the process by which ¢é ternative possible actions. Decision then leads to the from effector and motor systems to apply action(s) to the extemal environment at some later time (world state 2). Cognitive processes also record and link observation Given that all of these s of these internal processes to the external problems that stimulated them. neural processes take time (Hall et al. 2011), actions are always delayed in time from the events that stimu ate them, so cognitive processes that can extrapolate and
Augmenting cognition via technological interfaces The cognitive processes involved in making sense of and orienting to a particular set of stimuli involve classifying the sensory impressions of the world at a given time (world state 1) against memory. This allows the impressions to be evaluated against a knowledge of past events and changes, that may lead to recognition of a need or desire for some kind of action to protect from or take advantage of external circumstances (as they were sensed). The need or desire for action may stimulate the synthesis of specific ac assembly of output responses tion is chosen from among a a range of possible actions. Decision is the process by which ¢é ternative possible actions. Decision then leads to the from effector and motor systems to apply action(s) to the extemal environment at some later time (world state 2). Cognitive processes also record and link observation Given that all of these s of these internal processes to the external problems that stimulated them. neural processes take time (Hall et al. 2011), actions are always delayed in time from the events that stimu ate them, so cognitive processes that can extrapolate and
memory, a touch pad on the earpiece, multiple wireless (radio) modes, sensors such as gyroscopes, accelerometers and a compass, and instantaneous access to data. One designer said that eventually data should be accessible “so fast that you feel you know it” without having to search for it. (Albanesius 2012; Liedtke 2012). It is clear that Glasses are intended to be wom continuously as many people wear their corrective glasses (according to Medical Eye Services’ collection of statistics, 64% of the adult population of the US wear corrective lenses). It is also worth noting that Google already has competitors such as Olympus, Sony almost as far along the prototyping path. Figure 10. Google's Project Glass fora head-mounted augmented reality system (Google). Although few commentators seem to have recognized this (as I write in July 2012), I see this further convergence in personal technology enabled by the continued action of Moore’s Law, as another grade shift in human evolution where the device and its cognitive apps becomes a more or less permanent part of the person’s body, as do normal eyeglasses for people with some vision impairment - not something that is treated as a separate hand-held device. TT las Dobecloxsesedware ween eT Sew: wenden: seer pow: ween esdioew: excell ancditvesre Bee Basen gek teeellewiaducal] weet@eorsuses tm
memory, a touch pad on the earpiece, multiple wireless (radio) modes, sensors such as gyroscopes, accelerometers and a compass, and instantaneous access to data. One designer said that eventually data should be accessible “so fast that you feel you know it” without having to search for it. (Albanesius 2012; Liedtke 2012). It is clear that Glasses are intended to be wom continuously as many people wear their corrective glasses (according to Medical Eye Services’ collection of statistics, 64% of the adult population of the US wear corrective lenses). It is also worth noting that Google already has competitors such as Olympus, Sony almost as far along the prototyping path. Figure 10. Google's Project Glass fora head-mounted augmented reality system (Google). Although few commentators seem to have recognized this (as I write in July 2012), I see this further convergence in personal technology enabled by the continued action of Moore’s Law, as another grade shift in human evolution where the device and its cognitive apps becomes a more or less permanent part of the person’s body, as do normal eyeglasses for people with some vision impairment - not something that is treated as a separate hand-held device. TT las Dobecloxsesedware ween eT Sew: wenden: seer pow: ween esdioew: excell ancditvesre Bee Basen gek teeellewiaducal] weet@eorsuses tm
Figure 12. Bionic Ear. Left: External device includes a behind the ear microphone and processor sending a signal to the circular induction coil. This energizes a matching induction coil and electrode system implanted under the skin. Right. The electrode array is threaded into the cochlea where individual electrodes stimulate nerves sensitive to different sound frequencies along the cochlear canal. The result for users gives a clear enough sensation of sound to understand speech and recognize music. (Graeme Clark Foundation, How the cochlear implant (bionic ear) functions.) ee Oe ae Fol electrode both hig computeri speech an Mechanically, the electrodes w S — Ee technology that could be inserted deep into the cochlear spiral (Figure 12 left) to stimu h frequency and low zed processing of audible speech, even profoundly deaf children could learn to recogn d develop normal language skills if implanted early enough (e.g., Geers & Sedey 20 owing on from earlier work, House (1976) demonstrated that single electrodes planted in the cochlea were able to stimulate the auditory nerve to cause the perceived sensation of sound. Australian Graeme Clark and his colleagues (Clark et al. 1977; Clark 1978) developed mu The Iti- ate frequency areas of the auditory nerve. When coupled with ize 2011). micropho ne and computer system via external and internal induction coils (Figure 12 left). ired into the cochlea (Figure 12 right) interface with an external
Figure 12. Bionic Ear. Left: External device includes a behind the ear microphone and processor sending a signal to the circular induction coil. This energizes a matching induction coil and electrode system implanted under the skin. Right. The electrode array is threaded into the cochlea where individual electrodes stimulate nerves sensitive to different sound frequencies along the cochlear canal. The result for users gives a clear enough sensation of sound to understand speech and recognize music. (Graeme Clark Foundation, How the cochlear implant (bionic ear) functions.) ee Oe ae Fol electrode both hig computeri speech an Mechanically, the electrodes w S — Ee technology that could be inserted deep into the cochlear spiral (Figure 12 left) to stimu h frequency and low zed processing of audible speech, even profoundly deaf children could learn to recogn d develop normal language skills if implanted early enough (e.g., Geers & Sedey 20 owing on from earlier work, House (1976) demonstrated that single electrodes planted in the cochlea were able to stimulate the auditory nerve to cause the perceived sensation of sound. Australian Graeme Clark and his colleagues (Clark et al. 1977; Clark 1978) developed mu The Iti- ate frequency areas of the auditory nerve. When coupled with ize 2011). micropho ne and computer system via external and internal induction coils (Figure 12 left). ired into the cochlea (Figure 12 right) interface with an external
Figure 14. Action of neurotransmitters in a synapse between two neurons (NIH via Wikipedia).
Figure 14. Action of neurotransmitters in a synapse between two neurons (NIH via Wikipedia).
WY BEVERY VEL LO WEEE ULE MME EEE SERED LD PEM Yt VT ihy GB UV ULE PUN UO fit VON At the “ systems, neu connections supposed con 2008 Figure N in 5). 10!° neurons and ron by ivo using microelectrode stimuli and recording, buildi V ections, t wi 104 human genom impossible to ach e Neu an syn has already been completely mapped, 1 be a long time before this can be done ron, using both various types of d then testing model results with liv apses compared to 3x10° base-pairs i for a whole n the human tho ieve’®. Microscale maps are already bein Macarico da Costa & Martin 2010; Boucsein et al. 2011; Sh g developed fo epherd 2011). ugh large, e recordings (Izihev ng dyna human b genome these nu mic mode rain, contal r cortical columns microscale” (sub-millimeter range) people are working to build a picture of neural microscopy and by testing neural s of ich & Edelman ning . Given that the mbers are not e.g.,
WY BEVERY VEL LO WEEE ULE MME EEE SERED LD PEM Yt VT ihy GB UV ULE PUN UO fit VON At the “ systems, neu connections supposed con 2008 Figure N in 5). 10!° neurons and ron by ivo using microelectrode stimuli and recording, buildi V ections, t wi 104 human genom impossible to ach e Neu an syn has already been completely mapped, 1 be a long time before this can be done ron, using both various types of d then testing model results with liv apses compared to 3x10° base-pairs i for a whole n the human tho ieve’®. Microscale maps are already bein Macarico da Costa & Martin 2010; Boucsein et al. 2011; Sh g developed fo epherd 2011). ugh large, e recordings (Izihev ng dyna human b genome these nu mic mode rain, contal r cortical columns microscale” (sub-millimeter range) people are working to build a picture of neural microscopy and by testing neural s of ich & Edelman ning . Given that the mbers are not e.g.,
OUSS (ZUU9); KROCN et dl. (ZULU). One of the more in connectivity at the meso-s ease and distances water m technique is particularly se (2012) more recent work expected to throw substanti areas of grey-matter (where the com al. 2011; Behrens & Spoms 2012; appear to be associated with particu e macro level w is to merge the maps at th teresting cale is diff in the Hu maging tec usion spec olecules can diffuse a nsitive to th e directio trum MRI (Wedeen hnologies to be deve et al. 2005 long nerve fibers versus across th nal vectors of the fibers as shown man Connectome Project (see al so and Fi al light on pu ong-distan s don Van Essen ting i ar functi ith tl ce neural connection & Ugurbil 2012) tions (Y eo et al. 2011). Th architectural structure of the brain. As connectomics is developed it i effectiveness and bandwid th of brain-compu e) in different function S ter interfaces will be grea oped rece between dif: em. The i in gure 16). he brain or modu otly for m 19 that traces tl Wedeen This i ferent fun al areas of t and “parcels” e long term aim of the project hose at the micro level to understand the complete s probably inevitable that the tly enhanced. appl magi et al ction Wig es th
OUSS (ZUU9); KROCN et dl. (ZULU). One of the more in connectivity at the meso-s ease and distances water m technique is particularly se (2012) more recent work expected to throw substanti areas of grey-matter (where the com al. 2011; Behrens & Spoms 2012; appear to be associated with particu e macro level w is to merge the maps at th teresting cale is diff in the Hu maging tec usion spec olecules can diffuse a nsitive to th e directio trum MRI (Wedeen hnologies to be deve et al. 2005 long nerve fibers versus across th nal vectors of the fibers as shown man Connectome Project (see al so and Fi al light on pu ong-distan s don Van Essen ting i ar functi ith tl ce neural connection & Ugurbil 2012) tions (Y eo et al. 2011). Th architectural structure of the brain. As connectomics is developed it i effectiveness and bandwid th of brain-compu e) in different function S ter interfaces will be grea oped rece between dif: em. The i in gure 16). he brain or modu otly for m 19 that traces tl Wedeen This i ferent fun al areas of t and “parcels” e long term aim of the project hose at the micro level to understand the complete s probably inevitable that the tly enhanced. appl magi et al ction Wig es th
Figure 17. Ananthanarayanan et al's (2009) extrapolation of efforts to emulate neural processing in the human brain.
Figure 17. Ananthanarayanan et al's (2009) extrapolation of efforts to emulate neural processing in the human brain.
act on the world (Synofzik et al. 2008). Damasio (2010 p. 158) defines consciousness as “a state of mind in which there is knowledge of one’s own existence and the existence of surroundings”. Damasio (1999), Synofzik et al. (2008a 2008b), Morsella et al. (2011), in seeking to understand self-consciousness, argue that one of the core aspects of self-consciousness is a sense of “agency” or of its capacity for voluntary actior (Haggard 2008). In other words, this is the cognitive process that results in the “I” of “I did that’ (Engbert et al. 2008). Morsella et al. (2011 and other sources Morsella et al. cite) define agency as the individual’s sense that he/she is acting autonomously (i.e., has the free will) to cause a physica ) or mental action. Figure 18 illustrates the cyclic nature of the comparator model (Nahab et al. 2011) in the framework of the OODA cvcle. Haqaard (2008 - Fiqure 19) provides a similar model 2! Figure 18. Primary components of a "comparator model" of agency (after Morsella et al. 2010 - ref Figure 9).
act on the world (Synofzik et al. 2008). Damasio (2010 p. 158) defines consciousness as “a state of mind in which there is knowledge of one’s own existence and the existence of surroundings”. Damasio (1999), Synofzik et al. (2008a 2008b), Morsella et al. (2011), in seeking to understand self-consciousness, argue that one of the core aspects of self-consciousness is a sense of “agency” or of its capacity for voluntary actior (Haggard 2008). In other words, this is the cognitive process that results in the “I” of “I did that’ (Engbert et al. 2008). Morsella et al. (2011 and other sources Morsella et al. cite) define agency as the individual’s sense that he/she is acting autonomously (i.e., has the free will) to cause a physica ) or mental action. Figure 18 illustrates the cyclic nature of the comparator model (Nahab et al. 2011) in the framework of the OODA cvcle. Haqaard (2008 - Fiqure 19) provides a similar model 2! Figure 18. Primary components of a "comparator model" of agency (after Morsella et al. 2010 - ref Figure 9).
of the direct causal effects of Schlosser’s review (loc. cit.) conscious intentions (what Schlosser 2012 calls “real menta causation”). To address this issue fully is beyond the scope of the present work, but I and Shurger et al. (2012) provide explanations consistent think tha with rea mental causation for the observations used to support apparent mental causation. In any event whichever is the case, the overal consciousness (Hall 2011:pp. 4 6-48; Hall et al. 2011), Autopoiesis, downward causation 1 effect of the top-down hierarchy of causal processes in autopoietic and free will) is that the individual has the capacity to decide and act in the environment in ways th and enhance the autopoietic state. at protec
of the direct causal effects of Schlosser’s review (loc. cit.) conscious intentions (what Schlosser 2012 calls “real menta causation”). To address this issue fully is beyond the scope of the present work, but I and Shurger et al. (2012) provide explanations consistent think tha with rea mental causation for the observations used to support apparent mental causation. In any event whichever is the case, the overal consciousness (Hall 2011:pp. 4 6-48; Hall et al. 2011), Autopoiesis, downward causation 1 effect of the top-down hierarchy of causal processes in autopoietic and free will) is that the individual has the capacity to decide and act in the environment in ways th and enhance the autopoietic state. at protec
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