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Fig. 47 Characteristics of heating operation, number and activity of users, thermal comfort structural interventions, case study_ 4 (by Angeliki Chronopoulou)

Figure 47 Characteristics of heating operation, number and activity of users, thermal comfort structural interventions, case study_ 4 (by Angeliki Chronopoulou)

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Fig. 1 Mean yearly precipitation and temperature, trend, and anomaly, 1979-2022 [8] The city of Athens is characterized by mild Mediterranean climate with an average annual temperature of 18.03 °C and sunshine during most days of the year, even in the winter period. The coldest month is January, while the hottest is July with temperatures that often reach 40 °C. In August the temperature is slightly lower compared to July due to the local airflows which effectively cool the city. Snowfall is quite rare while at the same time the mean yearly precipitation is also relatively small. The prevailing wind direction is north — south. Based on Figs. 1, 3-5, we can conclude that the cooling period is slightly more critical than the heating one. Due to the climate change consequences, variations to local climatic conditions are observed in recent years and expected in the years to come, with extreme weather conditions in both seasons.
Fig. 1 Mean yearly precipitation and temperature, trend, and anomaly, 1979-2022 [8] The city of Athens is characterized by mild Mediterranean climate with an average annual temperature of 18.03 °C and sunshine during most days of the year, even in the winter period. The coldest month is January, while the hottest is July with temperatures that often reach 40 °C. In August the temperature is slightly lower compared to July due to the local airflows which effectively cool the city. Snowfall is quite rare while at the same time the mean yearly precipitation is also relatively small. The prevailing wind direction is north — south. Based on Figs. 1, 3-5, we can conclude that the cooling period is slightly more critical than the heating one. Due to the climate change consequences, variations to local climatic conditions are observed in recent years and expected in the years to come, with extreme weather conditions in both seasons.
Fig. 5 Temperature minima and maxima during the year [8] Fig. 4 Cloudy, sunny, and precipitation days during the year [8]
Fig. 5 Temperature minima and maxima during the year [8] Fig. 4 Cloudy, sunny, and precipitation days during the year [8]
Fig. 2 Mean yearly precipitation, trend, and anomaly, 1979-2022 [8]
Fig. 2 Mean yearly precipitation, trend, and anomaly, 1979-2022 [8]
Fig. 3 Mean yearly temperature, trend, and anomaly, 1979-2022 [8]
Fig. 3 Mean yearly temperature, trend, and anomaly, 1979-2022 [8]
Fig. 6 Precipitation amounts during the year [8]
Fig. 6 Precipitation amounts during the year [8]
Fig. 11 (a) The double residence, Massalias and 7 Kaplanon street, year of construction: 1924, by Angeliki Chronopoulou, 2021; (b) The a a a a a a: a aa a ee eee) ee ers ee Fig. 10 City of Athens — Residential cores diagram 2022, (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 11 (a) The double residence, Massalias and 7 Kaplanon street, year of construction: 1924, by Angeliki Chronopoulou, 2021; (b) The a a a a a a: a aa a ee eee) ee ers ee Fig. 10 City of Athens — Residential cores diagram 2022, (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 13 (a) The Blue Condominium, Themistocleous and Arahovis streets, year of construction: 1933; (b) The big Residential complex at 6-7 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, year of construction: 1934, photos by Angeliki Chronopoulou, 2021 Fig. 12 (a) The Small Condominium, 17 Dionysiou Areopagitou pedestrian street, year of construction: 1932; (b) The Apartment Building at Stournari and Zaimi Streets, year of construction: 1933, photos by Angeliki Chronopoulou, 2021
Fig. 13 (a) The Blue Condominium, Themistocleous and Arahovis streets, year of construction: 1933; (b) The big Residential complex at 6-7 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, year of construction: 1934, photos by Angeliki Chronopoulou, 2021 Fig. 12 (a) The Small Condominium, 17 Dionysiou Areopagitou pedestrian street, year of construction: 1932; (b) The Apartment Building at Stournari and Zaimi Streets, year of construction: 1933, photos by Angeliki Chronopoulou, 2021
The second sub-period, the decade 1930-1940, is a period characterized by the effects of the Greco - Turkish War and the Smyrna Catastrophe (1922) which resulted in massive waves of refugees entering the city of Athens. The upcoming housing problem combined with the establishment of appropriate building legislation (horizontal ownership) and the extensive use of the new materials (concrete and iron) led to the creation of new building typology (multistorey apartment building) [6].
The second sub-period, the decade 1930-1940, is a period characterized by the effects of the Greco - Turkish War and the Smyrna Catastrophe (1922) which resulted in massive waves of refugees entering the city of Athens. The upcoming housing problem combined with the establishment of appropriate building legislation (horizontal ownership) and the extensive use of the new materials (concrete and iron) led to the creation of new building typology (multistorey apartment building) [6].
Fig. 14 (a) Lourou Apartment Building, 5 Semitelou street, year of construction: 1953; (b) Averof Apartment Building, Hrodou Attikou and Mourouzi Streets, year of construction: 1951; (c) The Apartment building at Kifissias Avenue 272, photos by Angeliki Chronopoulou, 2021
Fig. 14 (a) Lourou Apartment Building, 5 Semitelou street, year of construction: 1953; (b) Averof Apartment Building, Hrodou Attikou and Mourouzi Streets, year of construction: 1951; (c) The Apartment building at Kifissias Avenue 272, photos by Angeliki Chronopoulou, 2021
Fig. 15 Page 1 of the two — page table for the analysis of the selected buildings (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou) the plot and account for 12% and 3% respectively.
Fig. 15 Page 1 of the two — page table for the analysis of the selected buildings (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou) the plot and account for 12% and 3% respectively.
Fig. 16 Page 2 of the two — page table for the analysis of the selected buildings (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 16 Page 2 of the two — page table for the analysis of the selected buildings (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 17 Period of construction, typology, building typology and plan typology percentages for the 60 buildings analyzed (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 17 Period of construction, typology, building typology and plan typology percentages for the 60 buildings analyzed (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 18 Different positions of the apartment building on the plot: 1. continuous system, 2. Non-continuous system, 3. Mixed system, 4. Free system, 5. Wing system
Fig. 18 Different positions of the apartment building on the plot: 1. continuous system, 2. Non-continuous system, 3. Mixed system, 4. Free system, 5. Wing system
Fig. 19 Bioclimatic strategies adopted — percentages per period of construction_ part! (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 19 Bioclimatic strategies adopted — percentages per period of construction_ part! (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 22 Different types of louvres, photos by Angeliki Chronopoulou The most important cooling strategy that remains to this day is the reduction of heat gains with the implementation of shading devices and green elements. The various types of shading devices featured in the period under study control solar gains in different ways. The “German type”: louvered wooden operable shutter is blocking sun radiation but at the same time promotes air flow through the opening. Similar results are achieved with the rolled wooden shutters that can be manipulated in different ways and project so as to shade but ventilate at the same time.
Fig. 22 Different types of louvres, photos by Angeliki Chronopoulou The most important cooling strategy that remains to this day is the reduction of heat gains with the implementation of shading devices and green elements. The various types of shading devices featured in the period under study control solar gains in different ways. The “German type”: louvered wooden operable shutter is blocking sun radiation but at the same time promotes air flow through the opening. Similar results are achieved with the rolled wooden shutters that can be manipulated in different ways and project so as to shade but ventilate at the same time.
Fig. 21 Heating strategies used in Athenian residences of the period 1920-1960 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 21 Heating strategies used in Athenian residences of the period 1920-1960 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 24 (a) Outdoor comfort and microclimate diagrams; (b) Building shell temperature control (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou) Fig. 23 Cooling strategies used in Athenian residences of the period 1920-1960 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou
Fig. 24 (a) Outdoor comfort and microclimate diagrams; (b) Building shell temperature control (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou) Fig. 23 Cooling strategies used in Athenian residences of the period 1920-1960 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou
Additional strategies for achieving sun protection are the yards, the semi-outdoor spaces, and the light constructions with climbing plants either permanent or mobile. T beyond their contribution to the internal adjustment, reduce humidity, improve the qua rain. During the summer, trees, and all kind Last but not least, pitched roofs provide adequate hese elements temperature ity of natural ight by reducing glare while at the same time protect from the s of planting hanging plants) protect the building shell from overheating. insulation and reduce overheating through evaporative cooling. moisture at night and release it during the day. n specific, the porous materials used to construct pitched roofs tend to absorb
Additional strategies for achieving sun protection are the yards, the semi-outdoor spaces, and the light constructions with climbing plants either permanent or mobile. T beyond their contribution to the internal adjustment, reduce humidity, improve the qua rain. During the summer, trees, and all kind Last but not least, pitched roofs provide adequate hese elements temperature ity of natural ight by reducing glare while at the same time protect from the s of planting hanging plants) protect the building shell from overheating. insulation and reduce overheating through evaporative cooling. moisture at night and release it during the day. n specific, the porous materials used to construct pitched roofs tend to absorb
Fig. 25 Buildings examined (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou) Fig. 26 Architectural and construction characteristics of the buildings examined (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 25 Buildings examined (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou) Fig. 26 Architectural and construction characteristics of the buildings examined (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Afterwards, four different buildings were analyzed in depth, all of them are characteristic examples of the period 1920-1960. The first one, the residential complex located at 28 Karaiskaki street belongs to the first sub-period 1920-1930. The second and the third, the Blue Condominium and the Apartment Building at Stournari and Zaimi Street respectively, belong to the second sub-period 1930-1940, while the last one, the Apartment Building at 5 Semitelou street is a typical example of the post-war residential architecture (1940-1960).
Afterwards, four different buildings were analyzed in depth, all of them are characteristic examples of the period 1920-1960. The first one, the residential complex located at 28 Karaiskaki street belongs to the first sub-period 1920-1930. The second and the third, the Blue Condominium and the Apartment Building at Stournari and Zaimi Street respectively, belong to the second sub-period 1930-1940, while the last one, the Apartment Building at 5 Semitelou street is a typical example of the post-war residential architecture (1940-1960).
Fig. 27 Characteristics of heating operation, number and activity of users, thermal comfort, structural interventions, case study_1 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 27 Characteristics of heating operation, number and activity of users, thermal comfort, structural interventions, case study_1 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 30 Bioclimatic strategies applied in case study 1 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou) Fig. 31 (a) Exterior view, (b) interior view (photos by impact hub Athens)
Fig. 30 Bioclimatic strategies applied in case study 1 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou) Fig. 31 (a) Exterior view, (b) interior view (photos by impact hub Athens)
of a more complicated layout of the internal spaces which resulted in the reduction of natural - cross ventilation, especially in case of building 2. Bioclimatic strategies used are presented in Fig. 30.
of a more complicated layout of the internal spaces which resulted in the reduction of natural - cross ventilation, especially in case of building 2. Bioclimatic strategies used are presented in Fig. 30.
Fig. 33 Interior view (photos by impact hub Athens) Fig. 32 Interior view (photos by impact hub Athens)
Fig. 33 Interior view (photos by impact hub Athens) Fig. 32 Interior view (photos by impact hub Athens)
Fig. 34 Characteristics of heating operation, number and activity of users, thermal comfort, structural interventions, case study_2 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 34 Characteristics of heating operation, number and activity of users, thermal comfort, structural interventions, case study_2 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 36 Drawings case study 2 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou) Fig. 35 Characteristics of heating operation, number and activity of users, thermal comfort, structural interventions, case study_2 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 36 Drawings case study 2 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou) Fig. 35 Characteristics of heating operation, number and activity of users, thermal comfort, structural interventions, case study_2 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 37 (a) Part of the main facade of the building (photo by Angeliki Chronopoulou), (b) Internal view of the wooden frame windows (photo by CADU Architects), (c) Internal view of the frame windows (photo by CADU Architects)
Fig. 37 (a) Part of the main facade of the building (photo by Angeliki Chronopoulou), (b) Internal view of the wooden frame windows (photo by CADU Architects), (c) Internal view of the frame windows (photo by CADU Architects)
Fig. 38 Bioclimatic strategies applied in case study 2_ part] (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 38 Bioclimatic strategies applied in case study 2_ part] (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 39 Bioclimatic strategies applied in case study 2_part 2 (dawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou) Fig. 40 Characteristics of heating operation, number and activity of users, thermal comfort, structural interventions, case study_3 (photos by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 39 Bioclimatic strategies applied in case study 2_part 2 (dawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou) Fig. 40 Characteristics of heating operation, number and activity of users, thermal comfort, structural interventions, case study_3 (photos by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
along the two main facades of the building, while the rest close to the skylight so that enough natural light and ventilation is achieved.
along the two main facades of the building, while the rest close to the skylight so that enough natural light and ventilation is achieved.
Fig. 41 Characteristics of heating operation, number and activity of users, thermal comfort, structural interventions, case study_3 (photos by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 41 Characteristics of heating operation, number and activity of users, thermal comfort, structural interventions, case study_3 (photos by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 44 (a) Exterior view from the building, (b) Interior view of the building (photos by Angeliki Chronopoulou) Fig. 43 (a) Exterior view of the building, (b) Interior view (photos by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 44 (a) Exterior view from the building, (b) Interior view of the building (photos by Angeliki Chronopoulou) Fig. 43 (a) Exterior view of the building, (b) Interior view (photos by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 42 Drawings, case study_3 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 42 Drawings, case study_3 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 45 Bioclimatic strategies applied in case study 3 (by Angeliki Chronopoulou) Regarding the bearing structure, similar with the rest of the apartment buildings constructed at the same period, is made of concrete. On the contrary, the non-bearing walls are made of brick. One of the main characteristics of that building that differentiates it from the rest of that period is the use of longitudinal windows extended at whole facade, following in this way one of the main principles of the modern movement. Bioclimatic strategies used are presented in Fig. 45.
Fig. 45 Bioclimatic strategies applied in case study 3 (by Angeliki Chronopoulou) Regarding the bearing structure, similar with the rest of the apartment buildings constructed at the same period, is made of concrete. On the contrary, the non-bearing walls are made of brick. One of the main characteristics of that building that differentiates it from the rest of that period is the use of longitudinal windows extended at whole facade, following in this way one of the main principles of the modern movement. Bioclimatic strategies used are presented in Fig. 45.
Fig. 46 Characteristics of heating operation, number and activity of users, thermal comfort structural interventions, case study 4 (by Angeliki Chronopoulou) main facades guarantee cross ventilation, something rarely achieved in the buildings constructed during that period. Bioclimatic strategies used are presented in Figs. 50 and 51.
Fig. 46 Characteristics of heating operation, number and activity of users, thermal comfort structural interventions, case study 4 (by Angeliki Chronopoulou) main facades guarantee cross ventilation, something rarely achieved in the buildings constructed during that period. Bioclimatic strategies used are presented in Figs. 50 and 51.
Fig. 49 Drawings, case study_4 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou) glazed windows are approximately 20 times less efficient than insulated walls from energy loss and storage point of view [12]. This is especially restrictive when dealing with protected/listed buildings since in most of the cases the replacement of the initial windows may be forbidden due to the strict legislation existing. Additionally, the lack of insulation does not help in controlling the interior temperature. For example, in case of buildings made of stone and brick during the winter period more energy is needed for heating, while in the case of buildings made of concrete and brick both during winter and summer the energy required to heat and cool is higher compared to the amount of energy that would be needed if the building was insulated [13].
Fig. 49 Drawings, case study_4 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou) glazed windows are approximately 20 times less efficient than insulated walls from energy loss and storage point of view [12]. This is especially restrictive when dealing with protected/listed buildings since in most of the cases the replacement of the initial windows may be forbidden due to the strict legislation existing. Additionally, the lack of insulation does not help in controlling the interior temperature. For example, in case of buildings made of stone and brick during the winter period more energy is needed for heating, while in the case of buildings made of concrete and brick both during winter and summer the energy required to heat and cool is higher compared to the amount of energy that would be needed if the building was insulated [13].
Fig. 50 Bioclimatic strategies applied in case study 4_part 1 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 50 Bioclimatic strategies applied in case study 4_part 1 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 51 Bioclimatic strategies applied in case study 4_part 2 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
Fig. 51 Bioclimatic strategies applied in case study 4_part 2 (drawn by Angeliki Chronopoulou)
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