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Supplementary Fig. 9. The solar conversion efficiency as a function of SOC% under continuous flow (~70 mL min‘!) is shown for various operating environments. The membrane is Nafion-117 and the electrolyte volume is 25 mL for black, blue and red circles, and 15 mL for grey and green circles on each side. Jop can be obtained from the current-voltage characteristic of 2-electrode measurement. Eyedox is the thermodynamic which Pinpu is the input power of the incoming solar radiation (AM 1.5G; 100 mW cm”). The operating current

Figure 9 Supplementary Fig. 9. The solar conversion efficiency as a function of SOC% under continuous flow (~70 mL min‘!) is shown for various operating environments. The membrane is Nafion-117 and the electrolyte volume is 25 mL for black, blue and red circles, and 15 mL for grey and green circles on each side. Jop can be obtained from the current-voltage characteristic of 2-electrode measurement. Eyedox is the thermodynamic which Pinpu is the input power of the incoming solar radiation (AM 1.5G; 100 mW cm”). The operating current

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Supplementary Fig. 1. LSVs recorded on Pt/Si (black, inset) and C/Si (blue) samples in 0.4 M ferro/ferricyanide solutions (in 1M NH.CI supporting electrolyte at pH 7) in ratios matching that expected for different SOCs (0%, 50% and 100%). The scan rate is 10 mV sec”. Note that both Pt and carbon sputtered films have average thickness of 1-2 nm. these equations, gg within the Si substrate was found to be 0.7~0.8 V resulting in a depletion width where é (8.8- 10°! F m') is the permittivity in a vacuum, and és; is the relative permittivity of the Si (11.7).? Usin
Supplementary Fig. 1. LSVs recorded on Pt/Si (black, inset) and C/Si (blue) samples in 0.4 M ferro/ferricyanide solutions (in 1M NH.CI supporting electrolyte at pH 7) in ratios matching that expected for different SOCs (0%, 50% and 100%). The scan rate is 10 mV sec”. Note that both Pt and carbon sputtered films have average thickness of 1-2 nm. these equations, gg within the Si substrate was found to be 0.7~0.8 V resulting in a depletion width where é (8.8- 10°! F m') is the permittivity in a vacuum, and és; is the relative permittivity of the Si (11.7).? Usin
Supplementary Fig. 2. Mott—Schottky plot of a TiO: thin film prepared at 573 K on Si substrate. The impedance measurement was performed in 1 M NH«Cl with 0.4M Fe(CN)o*-. The pH was adjusted to by addition of NH4OH. In the case of n*-Si/SiOx interface the depletion width can be determined using the following equations:
Supplementary Fig. 2. Mott—Schottky plot of a TiO: thin film prepared at 573 K on Si substrate. The impedance measurement was performed in 1 M NH«Cl with 0.4M Fe(CN)o*-. The pH was adjusted to by addition of NH4OH. In the case of n*-Si/SiOx interface the depletion width can be determined using the following equations:
Supplementary Fig. 3. Schematic energy diagrams for both p-type (a) and n-type surface samples (b) with Pt NP and carbon, respectively. transfer from the Si to the Ti would most probably have to occur through tunneling. From the measured Mott-
Supplementary Fig. 3. Schematic energy diagrams for both p-type (a) and n-type surface samples (b) with Pt NP and carbon, respectively. transfer from the Si to the Ti would most probably have to occur through tunneling. From the measured Mott-
Supplementary Fig. 4. Current-voltage curves measured in a three-electrode experiment with carbon-felt anodes in 0.4M of TEMPO: (red) and Br (blue). Note that the y-axes on the right side were calculated based on projected are (Jproject) and documented electrochemically active surface area (Jecsa) for the SGL carbon-felt.
Supplementary Fig. 4. Current-voltage curves measured in a three-electrode experiment with carbon-felt anodes in 0.4M of TEMPO: (red) and Br (blue). Note that the y-axes on the right side were calculated based on projected are (Jproject) and documented electrochemically active surface area (Jecsa) for the SGL carbon-felt.
Supplementary Fig. 5. The dual-chamber PEC flow cell during the photocharging experiment with AM1.5 illumination on the photoelectrode from the back-side is shown in (a). The photoelectrode sample with a copper wire connected to an Au-ring is shown in (b). Schematic of solar flow cell with 2-electrode configuration used in present work (c). The chambers are separated by an ion exchange membrane (Nafion in this case) and the cell is operated under the continuous electrolyte flow with a rate 70 mL min"! by using a multi-channel peristaltic pump.
Supplementary Fig. 5. The dual-chamber PEC flow cell during the photocharging experiment with AM1.5 illumination on the photoelectrode from the back-side is shown in (a). The photoelectrode sample with a copper wire connected to an Au-ring is shown in (b). Schematic of solar flow cell with 2-electrode configuration used in present work (c). The chambers are separated by an ion exchange membrane (Nafion in this case) and the cell is operated under the continuous electrolyte flow with a rate 70 mL min"! by using a multi-channel peristaltic pump.
Supplementary Fig. 6. Long-term chronoamperometry (CA) of the sample without bias voltage in various electrolytes with different electrolyte volume (25 mL and 15 mL). All experiments, except where otherwise noted, tested in 25 mL chamber. Note that carbon felt was used as a counter electrode for all cases. hick, 1-20 Ohm cm). Both pn*- and np*-junctions were formed using processes described in our previous
Supplementary Fig. 6. Long-term chronoamperometry (CA) of the sample without bias voltage in various electrolytes with different electrolyte volume (25 mL and 15 mL). All experiments, except where otherwise noted, tested in 25 mL chamber. Note that carbon felt was used as a counter electrode for all cases. hick, 1-20 Ohm cm). Both pn*- and np*-junctions were formed using processes described in our previous
Supplementary Fig. 7. The STC% is plotted as a function of the cell voltage for different state-of-the-charge (SOC%). The dashed line represents the case in which the overpotential (77) of the system is 50 mV (for obtaining a 10 mA cm”). single-electron reaction to account for the theoretical dependence of the kinetic overpotential on current-density:
Supplementary Fig. 7. The STC% is plotted as a function of the cell voltage for different state-of-the-charge (SOC%). The dashed line represents the case in which the overpotential (77) of the system is 50 mV (for obtaining a 10 mA cm”). single-electron reaction to account for the theoretical dependence of the kinetic overpotential on current-density:
Supplementary Fig. 8. Charge/discharge curves in a 25 cm? RFB cell with a constant current density of 3.3 mA cm? and electrolyte concentration 0.4M ferrocyanide and 1M NHaBr in 1M NHaCl. The inset shows a charge/discharge curves of the same catholyte using a pair of carbon-rods, but with a different anolyte (TEMPO-sulfate) at charging/discharging rate of 5 mA and 2 mA, respectively.
Supplementary Fig. 8. Charge/discharge curves in a 25 cm? RFB cell with a constant current density of 3.3 mA cm? and electrolyte concentration 0.4M ferrocyanide and 1M NHaBr in 1M NHaCl. The inset shows a charge/discharge curves of the same catholyte using a pair of carbon-rods, but with a different anolyte (TEMPO-sulfate) at charging/discharging rate of 5 mA and 2 mA, respectively.
Supplementary Fig. 10. SEM images of Pt deposited c-Si. The top-view (left) shows a border line between the Pt thin film covered area and bare c-Si surface (protected by Kapton tape during the deposition). Cross-sectional SEM images (middle and right) demonstrate the surface coverage by the Pt film.
Supplementary Fig. 10. SEM images of Pt deposited c-Si. The top-view (left) shows a border line between the Pt thin film covered area and bare c-Si surface (protected by Kapton tape during the deposition). Cross-sectional SEM images (middle and right) demonstrate the surface coverage by the Pt film.
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