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Table 1: The twenty tree species selected for the reforestation component of the PROMABOS project. The fan names, visits by M. beecheii according to literature, and additional uses attractive to farmers.

Table 1 The twenty tree species selected for the reforestation component of the PROMABOS project. The fan names, visits by M. beecheii according to literature, and additional uses attractive to farmers.

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*% of the trees that were out of bloom at the end of the fieldwork period
*% of the trees that were out of bloom at the end of the fieldwork period
‘Vinson et al. 1997, Crane et al. 1984, Arce ef al. 2001, * Biesmeijer et a/. 1999c, 5 personal communication Sandker (2004), *own data 2004 out of bloom at the end of the fieldwork period.
‘Vinson et al. 1997, Crane et al. 1984, Arce ef al. 2001, * Biesmeijer et a/. 1999c, 5 personal communication Sandker (2004), *own data 2004 out of bloom at the end of the fieldwork period.
Figure 1: The average distance of the selected tree species to the hives in the surrounding area of 500 meters, Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador, 2004. (Anacardium occidentale: N = 2, St. dev = 0, Byrsonima crassifolia: N = 7, St. dev = 194, Cordia allidora: N = 18, St.dev. = 42, Gliricidia sepium: N = 6, St.dev. = 53, Inga paterno: N = 25, St. dev. = 128, Liquidambar styraciflua: N =43, St. dev. = 82, Persea americana: N = 11, St. dev. = 119, Psidium guajava: N = 177, St. dev. = 132, Spondias purpurea: N = 1, St. dev. = 0, Vernonia patens: N = 32, St. dev. = 98) Figure 1: The average distance of the selected tree species to the hives in the surrounding area of 500 meters Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador, 2004. (Anacardium occidentale: N = 2, St. dev = 0, Byrsonima crassifolia: N Also about 90% of the Cordia alliodora was situated closely together (Map 1).
Figure 1: The average distance of the selected tree species to the hives in the surrounding area of 500 meters, Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador, 2004. (Anacardium occidentale: N = 2, St. dev = 0, Byrsonima crassifolia: N = 7, St. dev = 194, Cordia allidora: N = 18, St.dev. = 42, Gliricidia sepium: N = 6, St.dev. = 53, Inga paterno: N = 25, St. dev. = 128, Liquidambar styraciflua: N =43, St. dev. = 82, Persea americana: N = 11, St. dev. = 119, Psidium guajava: N = 177, St. dev. = 132, Spondias purpurea: N = 1, St. dev. = 0, Vernonia patens: N = 32, St. dev. = 98) Figure 1: The average distance of the selected tree species to the hives in the surrounding area of 500 meters Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador, 2004. (Anacardium occidentale: N = 2, St. dev = 0, Byrsonima crassifolia: N Also about 90% of the Cordia alliodora was situated closely together (Map 1).
Figure 2: The average trunk diameter per tree species, selected by PROMABOS, in the surrounding area of 500 meters, Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador, 2004. (Anacardium occidentale: N = 2, St. dev = 0.5, Byrsonima crassifolia: N = 7, St. dev = 1.9,Cordia allidora: N = 18, St.dev. = 5.4, Gliricidia sepium: N = 6, St.dev. = 9.3, Inga paterno: N = 25, St. dev. = 5.2, Liquidambar styraciflua: N =48, St. dev. = 16.8, Persea americana: N = 11, St. dev. = 12.4, Psidium guajava: N = 177, St. dev. = 2.5, Spondias purpurea: N = 1, St. dev. = 0, Vernonia patens: N = 32, St. dev. = 2.6) Figure 2: The average trunk diameter per tree species, selected by PROMABOS, in the surrounding area of 500 meters, Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador, 2004. (Anacardium occidentale: N = 2, St. dev = 0.5, Byrsonima
Figure 2: The average trunk diameter per tree species, selected by PROMABOS, in the surrounding area of 500 meters, Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador, 2004. (Anacardium occidentale: N = 2, St. dev = 0.5, Byrsonima crassifolia: N = 7, St. dev = 1.9,Cordia allidora: N = 18, St.dev. = 5.4, Gliricidia sepium: N = 6, St.dev. = 9.3, Inga paterno: N = 25, St. dev. = 5.2, Liquidambar styraciflua: N =48, St. dev. = 16.8, Persea americana: N = 11, St. dev. = 12.4, Psidium guajava: N = 177, St. dev. = 2.5, Spondias purpurea: N = 1, St. dev. = 0, Vernonia patens: N = 32, St. dev. = 2.6) Figure 2: The average trunk diameter per tree species, selected by PROMABOS, in the surrounding area of 500 meters, Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador, 2004. (Anacardium occidentale: N = 2, St. dev = 0.5, Byrsonima
Table 4: The stand density index (number of trees with a basal area with a diameter of 25 centimeters per hectare)
Table 4: The stand density index (number of trees with a basal area with a diameter of 25 centimeters per hectare)
Map 1: The locations of the selected tree species, within a circle with a radius of 500 meters with the hives as midpoint. Caballeros, Chalatenango. El Salvador. Map 1: The locations of the selected tree species, within a circle with a radius of 500 meters with the hives as
Map 1: The locations of the selected tree species, within a circle with a radius of 500 meters with the hives as midpoint. Caballeros, Chalatenango. El Salvador. Map 1: The locations of the selected tree species, within a circle with a radius of 500 meters with the hives as
Figure 3: The frequencies of pollen collection by M. beecheii of the tree species selected by PROMABOS and other gure 3: The frequencies of pollen collection by M. beecheii of the tree species selected by PROMABOS and other rub and tree species most frequently visited by M. beecheii for pollen samples, shown in percentages of the total nount of samples (N= 391), Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador, 2004. 1: Cordia alliodora, 2: Inga paterno, 3: quidambar styraciflua, 4: Vernonia patens, 5: Compositae, 6: Solanum sp., 7: Tibouchina longifolia, 8: Syzyguim mbos L, 9: Euginia sp., 10: Leguminosae, 11: Myriocarpa sp. taken from the bees harvesting for nectar. selected by PROMABOS were dominant (>50%) in 24% of the total amount of po len samples collected, they were dominant in 16% of the samples from the collection of pollen (fig. 3), and in 33% of the pollen samples taken from the bees harvesting for nectar (fig. 4 . The other frequently selected species were dominant in 70% of the total amount of samples, they were dominant in 77% of the samples from the collection of pollen, and in 62% of the po taken from the bees harvesting for nectar. len samples
Figure 3: The frequencies of pollen collection by M. beecheii of the tree species selected by PROMABOS and other gure 3: The frequencies of pollen collection by M. beecheii of the tree species selected by PROMABOS and other rub and tree species most frequently visited by M. beecheii for pollen samples, shown in percentages of the total nount of samples (N= 391), Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador, 2004. 1: Cordia alliodora, 2: Inga paterno, 3: quidambar styraciflua, 4: Vernonia patens, 5: Compositae, 6: Solanum sp., 7: Tibouchina longifolia, 8: Syzyguim mbos L, 9: Euginia sp., 10: Leguminosae, 11: Myriocarpa sp. taken from the bees harvesting for nectar. selected by PROMABOS were dominant (>50%) in 24% of the total amount of po len samples collected, they were dominant in 16% of the samples from the collection of pollen (fig. 3), and in 33% of the pollen samples taken from the bees harvesting for nectar (fig. 4 . The other frequently selected species were dominant in 70% of the total amount of samples, they were dominant in 77% of the samples from the collection of pollen, and in 62% of the po taken from the bees harvesting for nectar. len samples
Figure 4 The frequencies of accidental pollen collection by M. beecheii, harvesting for nectar samples, of the tree
Figure 4 The frequencies of accidental pollen collection by M. beecheii, harvesting for nectar samples, of the tree
Chalatenango, El Salvador.
Chalatenango, El Salvador.
Table 6: The stand density index, the average distance of the selected tree species to the hives and the standardized Table 5: The extent to which a tree species was selected shown by the selection probability, and the estimated probability that a randomly selected tree species will be species i, if all species are equally frequent in the total amount of available tree species, shown by the standardized selection ratio (Manly et a/. 1993) for the selected tree species by PROMABOS, visited by M. beecheii in the period of December 2003 till March 2004, Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador.
Table 6: The stand density index, the average distance of the selected tree species to the hives and the standardized Table 5: The extent to which a tree species was selected shown by the selection probability, and the estimated probability that a randomly selected tree species will be species i, if all species are equally frequent in the total amount of available tree species, shown by the standardized selection ratio (Manly et a/. 1993) for the selected tree species by PROMABOS, visited by M. beecheii in the period of December 2003 till March 2004, Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador.
Table 7: Frequency table of the selected sugar percentage classes in the nectar samples taken from the collections M. beecheii collected nectar with a sugar percentage that varied from 15.6% till 67.2%. The average sugar concentration of the collected nectar from the honey stomach of the bees was, from a total off 409 samples, 48.9%. When divided into classes (10-20%, 20-30% etc.), the range from 50-60% was significantly selected the most with 132 times (Chi square p:0.000, df:5) (table 7).
Table 7: Frequency table of the selected sugar percentage classes in the nectar samples taken from the collections M. beecheii collected nectar with a sugar percentage that varied from 15.6% till 67.2%. The average sugar concentration of the collected nectar from the honey stomach of the bees was, from a total off 409 samples, 48.9%. When divided into classes (10-20%, 20-30% etc.), the range from 50-60% was significantly selected the most with 132 times (Chi square p:0.000, df:5) (table 7).
Figure 5: The frequencies of visits by M. beecheii for pollen and nectar samples of Cordia alliodora, Inga paterno,
Figure 5: The frequencies of visits by M. beecheii for pollen and nectar samples of Cordia alliodora, Inga paterno,
Figure 6: The mean sugar percentages in the nectar samples, taken from M. beecheii individuals in the period o December 2003 till March 2004, Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador, of which the corresponding pollen slides contained more then 50% pollen of a specific tree species. The selected tree species and the most visited species other then the trees selected by PROMABOS are shown. (Cordia alliodora N: 15, St. dev: 12, Liquidambar styraciflue N: 1, St. dev: 0, Vernonia patens N: 115, St. dev: 10, Compositae N: 134, St. dev: 11, Solanum sp. N: 18, St. dev: 10 Tibouchina longifolia N: 21, St. dev: 10, Syzyguim jambos L N: 6, St. dev: 7, Leguminosae N: 8, St. dev: 10. Myriocarpa sp. N: 36, St. dev: 11) Figure 6: The mean sugar percentages in the nectar samples, taken from M. beecheii individuals in the period of December 2003 till March 2004, Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador, of which the corresponding pollen slides nectar per species. signiticantly aiterent (Mann-Whitney U, p:0.000). Ihe pollen samples that consisted of mo hen 50% of Cordia alliodora pollen corresponded with nectar samples wi soncentration of 32.6% (N: 15, St. dev: 12). For Vernonia patens the corr samples had an average sugar concentration of 49.8% (N: 115, St. dev: 10 h a mean sug esponding nect . Just one poll sample with a corresponding nectar sample consisted of more then 50% Liquidambar styracifl ollen. This sample had a concentration of 32.8% sugar. The frequently visi ed species oth hen those selected by PROMABOS produced nectar with an average higher sug -oncentration around 55% varying from 51.2% to 60.1%, except for Syzyguim jambos L with | average sugar percentage of 31,4%. Figure 6 shows the average sugar percentage of tl vectar per species. contained more then 50% pollen of a specific tree species. The selected tree species and the most visited species
Figure 6: The mean sugar percentages in the nectar samples, taken from M. beecheii individuals in the period o December 2003 till March 2004, Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador, of which the corresponding pollen slides contained more then 50% pollen of a specific tree species. The selected tree species and the most visited species other then the trees selected by PROMABOS are shown. (Cordia alliodora N: 15, St. dev: 12, Liquidambar styraciflue N: 1, St. dev: 0, Vernonia patens N: 115, St. dev: 10, Compositae N: 134, St. dev: 11, Solanum sp. N: 18, St. dev: 10 Tibouchina longifolia N: 21, St. dev: 10, Syzyguim jambos L N: 6, St. dev: 7, Leguminosae N: 8, St. dev: 10. Myriocarpa sp. N: 36, St. dev: 11) Figure 6: The mean sugar percentages in the nectar samples, taken from M. beecheii individuals in the period of December 2003 till March 2004, Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador, of which the corresponding pollen slides nectar per species. signiticantly aiterent (Mann-Whitney U, p:0.000). Ihe pollen samples that consisted of mo hen 50% of Cordia alliodora pollen corresponded with nectar samples wi soncentration of 32.6% (N: 15, St. dev: 12). For Vernonia patens the corr samples had an average sugar concentration of 49.8% (N: 115, St. dev: 10 h a mean sug esponding nect . Just one poll sample with a corresponding nectar sample consisted of more then 50% Liquidambar styracifl ollen. This sample had a concentration of 32.8% sugar. The frequently visi ed species oth hen those selected by PROMABOS produced nectar with an average higher sug -oncentration around 55% varying from 51.2% to 60.1%, except for Syzyguim jambos L with | average sugar percentage of 31,4%. Figure 6 shows the average sugar percentage of tl vectar per species. contained more then 50% pollen of a specific tree species. The selected tree species and the most visited species
Figure 7: Average sugar percentages and the regression line in the nectar samples taken from M. beecheii 9), and decreased with increasing relative humidity (regression analyses p: 0.009, df: 1, R?: 0.432) (fig. 10). individuals in the period of December 2003 till March 2004, Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador, during the day.
Figure 7: Average sugar percentages and the regression line in the nectar samples taken from M. beecheii 9), and decreased with increasing relative humidity (regression analyses p: 0.009, df: 1, R?: 0.432) (fig. 10). individuals in the period of December 2003 till March 2004, Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador, during the day.
‘igure 8: Average temperature and the regression line during the day (N = 6), Caballeros, Chalatenang
‘igure 8: Average temperature and the regression line during the day (N = 6), Caballeros, Chalatenang
Figure 9: Relation between the day temperature on the sampling days (temperatures have been measured at each Salvador. Furthermore, the regression line is shown.
Figure 9: Relation between the day temperature on the sampling days (temperatures have been measured at each Salvador. Furthermore, the regression line is shown.
Figure 10: Relation between the average humidity on the sampling days (SNET-Servicio Nacional de Estudios beecheii individuals Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador. Furthermore, the regression line is shown.
Figure 10: Relation between the average humidity on the sampling days (SNET-Servicio Nacional de Estudios beecheii individuals Caballeros, Chalatenango, El Salvador. Furthermore, the regression line is shown.
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