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Notes: Average travel distances to the nearest county with an abortion provider not subject to a parental involvement law. Sources: The clinic operations data were compiled by the authors, and distances calculated as described in the text. Geographic coordinates of county population centroids were obtained from the United States Census Bureau (2016). Spatial and temporal variation in the average travel distance to obtain a “confidential” abortion without parental involvement

Figure 1 Notes: Average travel distances to the nearest county with an abortion provider not subject to a parental involvement law. Sources: The clinic operations data were compiled by the authors, and distances calculated as described in the text. Geographic coordinates of county population centroids were obtained from the United States Census Bureau (2016). Spatial and temporal variation in the average travel distance to obtain a “confidential” abortion without parental involvement

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Summary Statistics Notes: Population-weighted summary statistics calculated for United States counties (n = 3, 142) for 1980-1994 and 1995-2014. See Data Documentation Appendix for additional information.
Summary Statistics Notes: Population-weighted summary statistics calculated for United States counties (n = 3, 142) for 1980-1994 and 1995-2014. See Data Documentation Appendix for additional information.
Dates of Enforcement of Parental Involvement Laws, 1980-2015
Dates of Enforcement of Parental Involvement Laws, 1980-2015
Lagged outcomes do not predict parental involvement policy change Notes: Linear probability model in which the outcome indicates enforcement of a parental involvement law at time t. Observations are state-year cells for 1980-2015. Models in Columns 3-4 are estimated using only years in which the lagged teen abortion rate is available in the Guttmacher data. Additional controls include the full set of demographic, economic and policy controls listed in Table 1.
Lagged outcomes do not predict parental involvement policy change Notes: Linear probability model in which the outcome indicates enforcement of a parental involvement law at time t. Observations are state-year cells for 1980-2015. Models in Columns 3-4 are estimated using only years in which the lagged teen abortion rate is available in the Guttmacher data. Additional controls include the full set of demographic, economic and policy controls listed in Table 1.
Effect of Parental Involvement Laws on Teen Birth Rates, 1980-1992 and 1993-2014
Effect of Parental Involvement Laws on Teen Birth Rates, 1980-1992 and 1993-2014
Effect of Parental Involvement Laws on Teen Abortion Rates
Effect of Parental Involvement Laws on Teen Abortion Rates
Parental Involvement Laws and Average Travel Distances, 1980-2015 Notes: The left axis measures the total number of states that enforced a parental involvement law at any time in a given year. The right axis measures population-weighted average travel distances between the population centroids of each county and the nearest county with an abortion clinic and the nearest county with an abortion clinic that is not subject to a parental involvement law and can provide a “confidential” abortion. Sources: The clinic operations data were compiled by the authors as described in the text. Annual county-level population estimates were obtained from SEER (2016), and geographic coordinates of county population centroids were obtained from the United States Census Bureau (2016).
Parental Involvement Laws and Average Travel Distances, 1980-2015 Notes: The left axis measures the total number of states that enforced a parental involvement law at any time in a given year. The right axis measures population-weighted average travel distances between the population centroids of each county and the nearest county with an abortion clinic and the nearest county with an abortion clinic that is not subject to a parental involvement law and can provide a “confidential” abortion. Sources: The clinic operations data were compiled by the authors as described in the text. Annual county-level population estimates were obtained from SEER (2016), and geographic coordinates of county population centroids were obtained from the United States Census Bureau (2016).
Notes: Estimated average percent effects and 95 percent confidence intervals based on the results in Column 6 of Table 4. Results excluding Florida and nearby states exclude Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina from the analysis. Estimated percent effect of parental involvement laws as a function of avoidance distance
Notes: Estimated average percent effects and 95 percent confidence intervals based on the results in Column 6 of Table 4. Results excluding Florida and nearby states exclude Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina from the analysis. Estimated percent effect of parental involvement laws as a function of avoidance distance
Notes: Estimated average percent effects and 95 percent confidence intervals by individual year of age at time of birth. All models include the full set of control variables, state and year fixed effects, and state-linear time trends. TableA3 reports coefficients and standard errors.
Notes: Estimated average percent effects and 95 percent confidence intervals by individual year of age at time of birth. All models include the full set of control variables, state and year fixed effects, and state-linear time trends. TableA3 reports coefficients and standard errors.
Notes: Estimated average percent effects and 95 percent confidence intervals by maternal race and ethnicity. All models include the full set of control variables, state and year fixed effects, and state-linear time trends. TableA4 reports coefficients and standard errors. istimated percent effect of parental involvement laws as a function of avoidance distance, by Race and Ethnicity
Notes: Estimated average percent effects and 95 percent confidence intervals by maternal race and ethnicity. All models include the full set of control variables, state and year fixed effects, and state-linear time trends. TableA4 reports coefficients and standard errors. istimated percent effect of parental involvement laws as a function of avoidance distance, by Race and Ethnicity
Notes: Results of a specification corresponding to Column 6 of Table 4 that additionally allows for heterogeneous effects in the poorest quartile of United States Counties. Counties are classified according to their poverty quartile in the 2010 Census, and an indicator for the poorest quartile of counties is interacted with the key policy variables. All models include the full set of control variables, state and year fixed effects, and state-linear time trends. Estimated percent effect of parental involvement laws as a function of avoidance distance, by
Notes: Results of a specification corresponding to Column 6 of Table 4 that additionally allows for heterogeneous effects in the poorest quartile of United States Counties. Counties are classified according to their poverty quartile in the 2010 Census, and an indicator for the poorest quartile of counties is interacted with the key policy variables. All models include the full set of control variables, state and year fixed effects, and state-linear time trends. Estimated percent effect of parental involvement laws as a function of avoidance distance, by
Effect of Parental Involvement Laws on Birth Rates by Age Notes: Table 4 estimated by individual year of age at birth. The results in Panel B are plotted in Figure 4.
Effect of Parental Involvement Laws on Birth Rates by Age Notes: Table 4 estimated by individual year of age at birth. The results in Panel B are plotted in Figure 4.
Effect of Parental Involvement Laws on Teen Birth Rates by Race and | Ethnicity
Effect of Parental Involvement Laws on Teen Birth Rates by Race and | Ethnicity
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Health EconomicsPolitical ScienceMedicineApplied EconomicsSocial Science Research NetworkPublic health systems and services research
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