Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Figure 3 – uploaded by Mustafa Kumral

See full PDFdownloadDownload figure
ns a T T T T T T T T T 5000.00 10000.00 15000.00 20000.00 25000.00 30000.00 35000.00 40000.00 45000.00 Tt T T T T T T T 5000.00 10000.00 15000.00 20000.00 25000.00 30000.00 35000.00 40000.00 45000.00 (rhyolite-dacite-andasite-basalt). In these wells, the static water level likely intersects the mineralized zone in the rock. This suggests that important mechanisms for arsenic release to groundwater are the introduction of oxygen at the borehole and the subsequent oxidation of arsenic-bearing Wk = a Cd, Co, Mn, As, and Cr distribution in Kocacay River between WRL (lower left) and Lake Manyas. b Cu, Zn, Mo, and Fe distribution in Kocacay River between WRD (lower left) and Lake Manyas

Figure 3 ns a T T T T T T T T T 5000.00 10000.00 15000.00 20000.00 25000.00 30000.00 35000.00 40000.00 45000.00 Tt T T T T T T T 5000.00 10000.00 15000.00 20000.00 25000.00 30000.00 35000.00 40000.00 45000.00 (rhyolite-dacite-andasite-basalt). In these wells, the static water level likely intersects the mineralized zone in the rock. This suggests that important mechanisms for arsenic release to groundwater are the introduction of oxygen at the borehole and the subsequent oxidation of arsenic-bearing Wk = a Cd, Co, Mn, As, and Cr distribution in Kocacay River between WRL (lower left) and Lake Manyas. b Cu, Zn, Mo, and Fe distribution in Kocacay River between WRD (lower left) and Lake Manyas

Related Figures (8)

(Akyol 1982). Minor components are pyrrhotite, marca- site, bismuth, sulfosalts, arsenopyrite, tetrahedrite-ten- nantite, bornite, argentite, heyrovskite, hematite, magnetite, pyrolusite, orpiment-realgar, and native tellu- rium. The primary cations in the galena fraction from the Balya deposit (Table 1) consist of 97.96% Pb, 0.11% Sn, 0.01% Bi, 0.54% Cu, 0.03% Fe, 0.004% Ni, and 0.01% As (Kovenko 1940). The Balya Pb-Zn deposit was exploited from the early 1880s to the late 1940s. Although there are no reliable data about the amount of the concentrated ore produced, judging from the size of the tailings, which are composed of flotation tailings and a small amount of jig wastes, plus considerable amount of slag left over from the smelter in Balya, the amount of the concentrated ore appears to be significant. The total amount of WRD is approximately 2 million tons. The waste rock dumps are downstream from the smelter and ore dressing plant. At the first dump area, the waste material was drained into a primitive dam with a wall thickness of 90 cm. The second dump is just beneath the ore processing plant, where the waste material is directly drained into the stream. The WRDs of the Balya Mine are major sources of heavy metals in the stream. The Kocacay River carries the waste drainage into Lake Manyas, approximately 40 km downstream from the mining area. The sources of atmospheric dispersal of harmful material from the Balya mine area can be grouped into two classes: first, the dispersion from the old, dilapidated smelter stack which is no longer operative, and second, the dispersion originating from the old tailing pyrite are present in the atmos The total length of the section 0 s. Galena, sphalerite, and pheric dispersal. f the Kocacay River studied is more than 40 km, and the approximate average slope of the riverbed is 2%. At the head of the Kocacay River Valley, rainfall reaches 680 mm/year. The morphology of the stream is similar at all sites sampled, with an average depth range from 30-190 cm at different times of the year. The width of the river varies from 5-15 m, and the riverbed is covered predominantly with pebble- to cobble- sized detrital sediments. The riparian vegetation of Kocacay River is well conserved; the maximum width of the riparian strip is over 10 m near Lake Manyas, but it shows certain irregularities in various sections studied. An important ecosystem for wild birds is the Lake Manyas Bird Sanctuary, which is at the end of the Kocacay River and east to southeast of Lake Manyas, south of the Marmara Sea near the town of Bandirma. This lake, with The Balya Pb-Zn-Ag deposit and associated mine tailings are located in Northwest Anatolia, in Balya, near Balikesir, Turkey. It is the largest Pb-Zn mine in the region. This deposit is part of the geotectonic unit of the Western Pontides, an island-arc system that became attached to the Anatolian plate during the Late Cretaceous and Tertiary. The local geology consists of Permian, fossil-rich massive limestones and Triassic sedimentary rocks (a series of dark pelitic shale, sandstone, and calcareous conglomer- ate) which were folded during the Hercynian orogeny. Overlying Tertiary calc-alkaline volcanic rocks are related to Cenozoic rifting. The volcanic rocks are part of a rhy- olite-dacite-andesite-basalt sequence of regional extent (Agdemir and others 1994). The main structural feature of the Balya area is the Balya Thrust fault, along which the Permian limestones are displaced over the Triassic series (Aygen 1956). The complicated structural pattern possibly resulted from recumbent folding during the Hercynian and Alpine orogenies (Gjelsvik 1958). The type of ore deposit is contact metasomatic and the mine is set in an area of mountainous geomorphology, ee ee, ee ee ee oe ee, ee |) a Ce
(Akyol 1982). Minor components are pyrrhotite, marca- site, bismuth, sulfosalts, arsenopyrite, tetrahedrite-ten- nantite, bornite, argentite, heyrovskite, hematite, magnetite, pyrolusite, orpiment-realgar, and native tellu- rium. The primary cations in the galena fraction from the Balya deposit (Table 1) consist of 97.96% Pb, 0.11% Sn, 0.01% Bi, 0.54% Cu, 0.03% Fe, 0.004% Ni, and 0.01% As (Kovenko 1940). The Balya Pb-Zn deposit was exploited from the early 1880s to the late 1940s. Although there are no reliable data about the amount of the concentrated ore produced, judging from the size of the tailings, which are composed of flotation tailings and a small amount of jig wastes, plus considerable amount of slag left over from the smelter in Balya, the amount of the concentrated ore appears to be significant. The total amount of WRD is approximately 2 million tons. The waste rock dumps are downstream from the smelter and ore dressing plant. At the first dump area, the waste material was drained into a primitive dam with a wall thickness of 90 cm. The second dump is just beneath the ore processing plant, where the waste material is directly drained into the stream. The WRDs of the Balya Mine are major sources of heavy metals in the stream. The Kocacay River carries the waste drainage into Lake Manyas, approximately 40 km downstream from the mining area. The sources of atmospheric dispersal of harmful material from the Balya mine area can be grouped into two classes: first, the dispersion from the old, dilapidated smelter stack which is no longer operative, and second, the dispersion originating from the old tailing pyrite are present in the atmos The total length of the section 0 s. Galena, sphalerite, and pheric dispersal. f the Kocacay River studied is more than 40 km, and the approximate average slope of the riverbed is 2%. At the head of the Kocacay River Valley, rainfall reaches 680 mm/year. The morphology of the stream is similar at all sites sampled, with an average depth range from 30-190 cm at different times of the year. The width of the river varies from 5-15 m, and the riverbed is covered predominantly with pebble- to cobble- sized detrital sediments. The riparian vegetation of Kocacay River is well conserved; the maximum width of the riparian strip is over 10 m near Lake Manyas, but it shows certain irregularities in various sections studied. An important ecosystem for wild birds is the Lake Manyas Bird Sanctuary, which is at the end of the Kocacay River and east to southeast of Lake Manyas, south of the Marmara Sea near the town of Bandirma. This lake, with The Balya Pb-Zn-Ag deposit and associated mine tailings are located in Northwest Anatolia, in Balya, near Balikesir, Turkey. It is the largest Pb-Zn mine in the region. This deposit is part of the geotectonic unit of the Western Pontides, an island-arc system that became attached to the Anatolian plate during the Late Cretaceous and Tertiary. The local geology consists of Permian, fossil-rich massive limestones and Triassic sedimentary rocks (a series of dark pelitic shale, sandstone, and calcareous conglomer- ate) which were folded during the Hercynian orogeny. Overlying Tertiary calc-alkaline volcanic rocks are related to Cenozoic rifting. The volcanic rocks are part of a rhy- olite-dacite-andesite-basalt sequence of regional extent (Agdemir and others 1994). The main structural feature of the Balya area is the Balya Thrust fault, along which the Permian limestones are displaced over the Triassic series (Aygen 1956). The complicated structural pattern possibly resulted from recumbent folding during the Hercynian and Alpine orogenies (Gjelsvik 1958). The type of ore deposit is contact metasomatic and the mine is set in an area of mountainous geomorphology, ee ee, ee ee ee oe ee, ee |) a Ce
an area of just 64 ha, is home to more species of birds than anywhere else in Turkey. More than 60 species of birds breed here every year. A sand/gravel type dam spanning the Kocacay River has been under construction since 1993, with the intent to provide energy, irrigation, and flood control to the area.
an area of just 64 ha, is home to more species of birds than anywhere else in Turkey. More than 60 species of birds breed here every year. A sand/gravel type dam spanning the Kocacay River has been under construction since 1993, with the intent to provide energy, irrigation, and flood control to the area.
Heavy metal contents of Kocacay River water, arid period (AP)
Heavy metal contents of Kocacay River water, arid period (AP)
Heavy metal contain of suspended particulate material (SPM) in Kocacay River Table 5 point to WRD as the source (Fig. 2a). The Cu and Mo distribution diagrams (Fig. 2b) show that the WRD is not the only source of these elements. On the other hand, distribution of Zn and Fe is characteristics with more than one source areas additional effect of WRD (Fig. 2b). At the distance of 8 km from the WRD, AR samples of the Kocacay River have become neutralized (after sampling point AR-6) as a result of being diluted from drainage originating in forested areas and in farmlands. Therefore, in the absence of continued acid input from mining waste, the river starts to exhibit natural, and mildly eutrophic conditions in this part. Similarly, during the arid period, in the absence of continued acid drainage from waste piles, the acidic river water would also be neutralized. On the other hand, elevated concentrations of As (max 116 g/l) have been detected in domestic well W-4 around
Heavy metal contain of suspended particulate material (SPM) in Kocacay River Table 5 point to WRD as the source (Fig. 2a). The Cu and Mo distribution diagrams (Fig. 2b) show that the WRD is not the only source of these elements. On the other hand, distribution of Zn and Fe is characteristics with more than one source areas additional effect of WRD (Fig. 2b). At the distance of 8 km from the WRD, AR samples of the Kocacay River have become neutralized (after sampling point AR-6) as a result of being diluted from drainage originating in forested areas and in farmlands. Therefore, in the absence of continued acid input from mining waste, the river starts to exhibit natural, and mildly eutrophic conditions in this part. Similarly, during the arid period, in the absence of continued acid drainage from waste piles, the acidic river water would also be neutralized. On the other hand, elevated concentrations of As (max 116 g/l) have been detected in domestic well W-4 around
Heavy metal content of domestic wells in the study area additional cancer per 100,000 of the population ingesting drinking water containing the substance at the guideline value for 70 years). "It is recognized that not all water will meet the guideline value immediately; meanwhile, all other recommended measures to reduce the total exposure to lead should be implemented. WHO (1996) NA No standard available; ~ indicates values below the determination limit. DWS domestic water source standard (ADEQ 1995); HBGL health-based guidance levels (ADEQ 1992) “Provisional guideline value. For substances that are considered to be carcinogenic, the guideline value is the concentration in drinking water associated with an excess lifetime cancer risk of 10~° (one Table 4
Heavy metal content of domestic wells in the study area additional cancer per 100,000 of the population ingesting drinking water containing the substance at the guideline value for 70 years). "It is recognized that not all water will meet the guideline value immediately; meanwhile, all other recommended measures to reduce the total exposure to lead should be implemented. WHO (1996) NA No standard available; ~ indicates values below the determination limit. DWS domestic water source standard (ADEQ 1995); HBGL health-based guidance levels (ADEQ 1992) “Provisional guideline value. For substances that are considered to be carcinogenic, the guideline value is the concentration in drinking water associated with an excess lifetime cancer risk of 10~° (one Table 4
The material in WRD of Balya Mine is well suited for such an acid-producing process. The low pH values and high sulfur/iron content of the after-rain (AR) samples of the Kocacay River show that these pyrite-rich mine tailings can act as a source of acid sulfate, especially when compared to their characteristics with arid period (AP) samples. sulfide minerals: these results in mobilization of contami- nants over a long period of time and in migration of As from the mining u pstream. The total heavy metal concentrations in the suspended particles are much higher than normal, especial Cd, and Cr. SPM analyses showed that acid-sol pended heavy metals were consistently transported in the <45 um fraction along Kocacay River in the arid effect of WR acterized by sample locations SPM-9 and SPM-7. However, t dense draina heavy metal SPM-5 and S y for Zn, As, uble sus- period. The D of Balya Mine on the Kocacay River is char- high heavy metal loads (Table 5) between the he effect of a ge network is very typical in causing lower oads of the river between sample ocations PM-6 (Fig. 1). The samples that were taken at Lake Manyas delta bank (SPM-1 and SPM-2) have a high Zn content, whi e their Cr content shows a relative increase independent of WRD of Balya Mine. However, there is no clear difference between the upstream and the downstream of Kocacay River, insofar as the heavy metal loads of suspended particulate matter is concerned. a ee sada Poor water quality in the Kocacay River is the result of one or more of the following conditions: high pyrite avail- ability from WRD, low carbonate availability, and/or low inputs of organic matter and inorganic nutrients. It is necessary to take substantial preventive or remedial work for the rehabilitation of this condition. The metal-attenuation mechanisms operative in small streams include co-precipitation, sorption, and, on rare occasions, dilution (Kwong and others 1997). The wastes and water from tailings, as well as mine drainage waters,
The material in WRD of Balya Mine is well suited for such an acid-producing process. The low pH values and high sulfur/iron content of the after-rain (AR) samples of the Kocacay River show that these pyrite-rich mine tailings can act as a source of acid sulfate, especially when compared to their characteristics with arid period (AP) samples. sulfide minerals: these results in mobilization of contami- nants over a long period of time and in migration of As from the mining u pstream. The total heavy metal concentrations in the suspended particles are much higher than normal, especial Cd, and Cr. SPM analyses showed that acid-sol pended heavy metals were consistently transported in the <45 um fraction along Kocacay River in the arid effect of WR acterized by sample locations SPM-9 and SPM-7. However, t dense draina heavy metal SPM-5 and S y for Zn, As, uble sus- period. The D of Balya Mine on the Kocacay River is char- high heavy metal loads (Table 5) between the he effect of a ge network is very typical in causing lower oads of the river between sample ocations PM-6 (Fig. 1). The samples that were taken at Lake Manyas delta bank (SPM-1 and SPM-2) have a high Zn content, whi e their Cr content shows a relative increase independent of WRD of Balya Mine. However, there is no clear difference between the upstream and the downstream of Kocacay River, insofar as the heavy metal loads of suspended particulate matter is concerned. a ee sada Poor water quality in the Kocacay River is the result of one or more of the following conditions: high pyrite avail- ability from WRD, low carbonate availability, and/or low inputs of organic matter and inorganic nutrients. It is necessary to take substantial preventive or remedial work for the rehabilitation of this condition. The metal-attenuation mechanisms operative in small streams include co-precipitation, sorption, and, on rare occasions, dilution (Kwong and others 1997). The wastes and water from tailings, as well as mine drainage waters,
Related topics:
Civil EngineeringEnvironmental ScienceEnvironmental GeologyAcid Mine DrainageMine WaterEnvironmental ChemistryEarth and Environmental SciencesHeavy Metal PollutionPollutionSulfate reducing Bacteria
580 California St., Suite 400
San Francisco, CA, 94104
© 2025 Academia. All rights reserved