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Graph 1. Effect of gestational lead (Pb) and garlic administration on some parameters of pregnant rats (mean + standard deviation); A. Ma- ternal weight gain [g]; B. Placental weight [g]; C. Cerebellum weight [g].

Figure 1 Graph 1. Effect of gestational lead (Pb) and garlic administration on some parameters of pregnant rats (mean + standard deviation); A. Ma- ternal weight gain [g]; B. Placental weight [g]; C. Cerebellum weight [g].

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ANOVA test with Bonferroni post-hoc test: P < 0.01 compared with control group; ®P < 0.001 compared with control; °P < 0.0001 compared with control; 4P < 0.01 compared with L160 group, °P < 0.01 compared with L160 + garlic group Table 1. Effect of gestational lead (Pb) and garlic administration on some parameters of pregnant rats (mean + standard deviation)
ANOVA test with Bonferroni post-hoc test: P < 0.01 compared with control group; ®P < 0.001 compared with control; °P < 0.0001 compared with control; 4P < 0.01 compared with L160 group, °P < 0.01 compared with L160 + garlic group Table 1. Effect of gestational lead (Pb) and garlic administration on some parameters of pregnant rats (mean + standard deviation)
ANOVA test with Bonferroni post-hoc test: ®P < 0.01 compared with control group; ®P < 0.001 compared with control; °P < 0.0001 compared with control; 4P < 0.01 compared with L160 group; °P < 0.01 compared with L160 + garlic group Table 2. Effect of gestational lead (Pb) and garlic administration on foetal weight and brain weight (mean + standard deviation)
ANOVA test with Bonferroni post-hoc test: ®P < 0.01 compared with control group; ®P < 0.001 compared with control; °P < 0.0001 compared with control; 4P < 0.01 compared with L160 group; °P < 0.01 compared with L160 + garlic group Table 2. Effect of gestational lead (Pb) and garlic administration on foetal weight and brain weight (mean + standard deviation)
ANOVA test with Bonferroni post-hoc test: ®P < 0.01 compared with control group; ®P < 0.001 compared with control; °P < 0.0001 compared with control; 4P < 0.01 compared with L160 group; °P < 0.01 compared with L160 + garlic group Table 3. Effect of gestational lead (Pb) and garlic administration on maternofoetal Pb concentrations (mean + standard deviation)
ANOVA test with Bonferroni post-hoc test: ®P < 0.01 compared with control group; ®P < 0.001 compared with control; °P < 0.0001 compared with control; 4P < 0.01 compared with L160 group; °P < 0.01 compared with L160 + garlic group Table 3. Effect of gestational lead (Pb) and garlic administration on maternofoetal Pb concentrations (mean + standard deviation)
Graph 2. Effect of gestational lead (Pb) and garlic administration on foetal weight and brain weight (mean + standard deviation); A. Foetal weight [g]; B. Foetal brain weight [m].
Graph 2. Effect of gestational lead (Pb) and garlic administration on foetal weight and brain weight (mean + standard deviation); A. Foetal weight [g]; B. Foetal brain weight [m].
Graph 3. Effect of gestational lead (Pb) and garlic administration on maternofoetal Pb concentrations (mean + standard deviation); A. Mater- nal blood Pb level [g/dL]; B. Maternal cerebellum Pb level [ug/g of tissues]; €. Placental Pb level [g/g of tissues]; D. Foetal brain Pb level in [ug/g of tissues].
Graph 3. Effect of gestational lead (Pb) and garlic administration on maternofoetal Pb concentrations (mean + standard deviation); A. Mater- nal blood Pb level [g/dL]; B. Maternal cerebellum Pb level [ug/g of tissues]; €. Placental Pb level [g/g of tissues]; D. Foetal brain Pb level in [ug/g of tissues].
Figure 1. Photomicrographs of cerebellar cortex from control mot her rats showing (A) normal architecture in the form of folia (F) covered by a layer of pia matter (PM); B. Three layers of the cer- ebe lar cortex from outside to inside; the outer molecular layer (ML) with relatively few cells, Purkinje cell layer (PL) which is formed of one layer of Purkinje cells (PC), and the inner granular cell layer (GL ing formed of tightly packed small granular cells (=). Inset show- jarge flask shaped Purkinje cells (PC) with basophilic granular cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei and apical dendrites arborizing into the molecular layer (red arrow); C. Immunohistochemical staining of g ial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) revealed GFAP-positive stain- ing in the astrocytes, which appear small with few processes (W) in the GL and ML layers. A: haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) x 100, B: x 400, C: GFAP x 400.
Figure 1. Photomicrographs of cerebellar cortex from control mot her rats showing (A) normal architecture in the form of folia (F) covered by a layer of pia matter (PM); B. Three layers of the cer- ebe lar cortex from outside to inside; the outer molecular layer (ML) with relatively few cells, Purkinje cell layer (PL) which is formed of one layer of Purkinje cells (PC), and the inner granular cell layer (GL ing formed of tightly packed small granular cells (=). Inset show- jarge flask shaped Purkinje cells (PC) with basophilic granular cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei and apical dendrites arborizing into the molecular layer (red arrow); C. Immunohistochemical staining of g ial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) revealed GFAP-positive stain- ing in the astrocytes, which appear small with few processes (W) in the GL and ML layers. A: haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) x 100, B: x 400, C: GFAP x 400.
Figure 2. Photomicrographs of the cerebellar cortex from Pb-treated groups of mother rats showing (A) wide separation between Purkinje cells (P) with distortion in their shape and diminished dendrites into the outer molecular layer (ML) [L160 group]; B. Irregular arrangement of Purkinje cells (P), distortio in their shape and wide separation between them and diminished dendrites into the outer molecular layer (ML) [L320 group]; C. Irregular arrangement an distorted shape of Purkinje cells (P) with diminished cytoplasmic staining [L320 group]; D. Marked decrease in the number of Purkinje cells (P), with som cells are fallen off leaving empty spaces, and a few of them with an homogenised cytoplasm and darkly stained nuclei (‘W) or even vacuolated cytoplasn and pyknotic nuclei (red arrow) [L320 group]. A B, C, D: haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) x 400.
Figure 2. Photomicrographs of the cerebellar cortex from Pb-treated groups of mother rats showing (A) wide separation between Purkinje cells (P) with distortion in their shape and diminished dendrites into the outer molecular layer (ML) [L160 group]; B. Irregular arrangement of Purkinje cells (P), distortio in their shape and wide separation between them and diminished dendrites into the outer molecular layer (ML) [L320 group]; C. Irregular arrangement an distorted shape of Purkinje cells (P) with diminished cytoplasmic staining [L320 group]; D. Marked decrease in the number of Purkinje cells (P), with som cells are fallen off leaving empty spaces, and a few of them with an homogenised cytoplasm and darkly stained nuclei (‘W) or even vacuolated cytoplasn and pyknotic nuclei (red arrow) [L320 group]. A B, C, D: haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) x 400.
Figure 3. Photomicrographs of immunohistochemical staining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) of the cerebellar cortex from Pb-treated groups of mother rats showing (A) positive staining of astrocytes (), which appear greater in number with abundant distribution in the granular (GL) and molecular (ML) [L160 group]; B, C. Apparent increase and strong brown positive staining in the astrocytes espe- cially in the deep part of the molecular layer (ML), granular layer (GL) and around the Purkinje cells (P). This staining was more profound than in previous group [L320 group]. A, B, C: GFAP x 400.
Figure 3. Photomicrographs of immunohistochemical staining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) of the cerebellar cortex from Pb-treated groups of mother rats showing (A) positive staining of astrocytes (), which appear greater in number with abundant distribution in the granular (GL) and molecular (ML) [L160 group]; B, C. Apparent increase and strong brown positive staining in the astrocytes espe- cially in the deep part of the molecular layer (ML), granular layer (GL) and around the Purkinje cells (P). This staining was more profound than in previous group [L320 group]. A, B, C: GFAP x 400.
Figure 4. Photomicrographs of the cerebellar cortex from Pb and garlic treated groups of mother rats showing (A) monolayer arrangement of lightly stained Purkinje cells (PL). Some cells have normal shape while some of them are shrunken (=>) [L160 + garlic group]; B. Mild disorganisation or the PL cells with some cells appeared shrunken and deeply stained (>) [L320 + garlic group]; C. Decreased immunohis- tochemical GFAP staining of the astrocytes (W), which was similar to control group with some positively stained dendrites in the moleculai layer (ML) (=>) [L160 + garlic group]; D. Less decreased immunohistochemical GFAP staining of the astrocytes (W) with more positively stained branching dendrites in the ML (=») [L320 + garlic group]. A, B: haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) x 400; C, D: GFAP x 400.
Figure 4. Photomicrographs of the cerebellar cortex from Pb and garlic treated groups of mother rats showing (A) monolayer arrangement of lightly stained Purkinje cells (PL). Some cells have normal shape while some of them are shrunken (=>) [L160 + garlic group]; B. Mild disorganisation or the PL cells with some cells appeared shrunken and deeply stained (>) [L320 + garlic group]; C. Decreased immunohis- tochemical GFAP staining of the astrocytes (W), which was similar to control group with some positively stained dendrites in the moleculai layer (ML) (=>) [L160 + garlic group]; D. Less decreased immunohistochemical GFAP staining of the astrocytes (W) with more positively stained branching dendrites in the ML (=») [L320 + garlic group]. A, B: haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) x 400; C, D: GFAP x 400.
Figure 5. Photomicrographs of the foetal brain in the region of the primitive cerebellum from control foetuses at GD20 showing (A) normal appearance of the foetal cerebellum; the edge of the migrating external granular layer (EGL) from the germinal trigone (GT) is marked by ar- rows; B. The spread of the EGL ( ) from the germinal trigone (GT) of the primitive cerebellum; C. Spindle-shaped, apparently young Purkinje cells (PC). The EGL is formed of oval or rounded cells with darkly stained nuclei and densely aggregated in superficial zone and less packed deep zone; D. Negative or very few and weak GFAP positive cellular reaction ( { ), which are scattered in the superficial layers of the external granular (EGL); M — meningeal layer; CP — choroid plexus; BP — blood vessels; ML — molecular layer. Haematoxylin-eosin (H&E), A: x 100, B, C: x 400; D: GFAP x 400.
Figure 5. Photomicrographs of the foetal brain in the region of the primitive cerebellum from control foetuses at GD20 showing (A) normal appearance of the foetal cerebellum; the edge of the migrating external granular layer (EGL) from the germinal trigone (GT) is marked by ar- rows; B. The spread of the EGL ( ) from the germinal trigone (GT) of the primitive cerebellum; C. Spindle-shaped, apparently young Purkinje cells (PC). The EGL is formed of oval or rounded cells with darkly stained nuclei and densely aggregated in superficial zone and less packed deep zone; D. Negative or very few and weak GFAP positive cellular reaction ( { ), which are scattered in the superficial layers of the external granular (EGL); M — meningeal layer; CP — choroid plexus; BP — blood vessels; ML — molecular layer. Haematoxylin-eosin (H&E), A: x 100, B, C: x 400; D: GFAP x 400.
Figure 6. Photomicrographs of the foetal brain in the region of the primitive cerebellum from Pb treated groups at GD20 showing (A) dispersion of its layers with the presence of cavitations and extra- cellular oedema (* thin in comparison deeply stained nuc . Note that the external granular layer (EGL) is to the control and that its cells are small with ei. Also, the Purkinje cells showed degeneration and loss of the architecture, with diffusely distributed cells, which failed to establish t shrunken and deep he typical monolayer and few of them were ly stained ( t ) [L320 group]; B. Presence of GFAP positive reaction ( t ), which are more as compared to control group [L320 group]. A: haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) x 400, B: GFAP x400; M L — molecular layer; BV — blood vessel.
Figure 6. Photomicrographs of the foetal brain in the region of the primitive cerebellum from Pb treated groups at GD20 showing (A) dispersion of its layers with the presence of cavitations and extra- cellular oedema (* thin in comparison deeply stained nuc . Note that the external granular layer (EGL) is to the control and that its cells are small with ei. Also, the Purkinje cells showed degeneration and loss of the architecture, with diffusely distributed cells, which failed to establish t shrunken and deep he typical monolayer and few of them were ly stained ( t ) [L320 group]; B. Presence of GFAP positive reaction ( t ), which are more as compared to control group [L320 group]. A: haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) x 400, B: GFAP x400; M L — molecular layer; BV — blood vessel.
Figure 7. Photomicrographs of the foetal brain in the region of the primitive cerebellum from Pb and garlic treated rats at GD20 show- ing (A) a picture similar to that in the control foetuses; EGL — ex- ternal granular layer; PC — Purkinje cells; ML — molecular layer [L320 + garlic group]; B. A reduction in the number of GFAP im- munoreactive astrocytes ( ), which are scattered in the superficial layers of the EGL and ML [L320 + garlic group]. A: haematoxylin- eosin (H&E) x 400, B: GFAP x 400.
Figure 7. Photomicrographs of the foetal brain in the region of the primitive cerebellum from Pb and garlic treated rats at GD20 show- ing (A) a picture similar to that in the control foetuses; EGL — ex- ternal granular layer; PC — Purkinje cells; ML — molecular layer [L320 + garlic group]; B. A reduction in the number of GFAP im- munoreactive astrocytes ( ), which are scattered in the superficial layers of the EGL and ML [L320 + garlic group]. A: haematoxylin- eosin (H&E) x 400, B: GFAP x 400.
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