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Table 4. Border towns included in scoping study produce charcoal and some timber, but timber production is more common in Muchinga and Northwestern provinces. produce charcoal and some timber, but timber production is more common in Muchinga and Northwestern provinces.

Table 4 Border towns included in scoping study produce charcoal and some timber, but timber production is more common in Muchinga and Northwestern provinces. produce charcoal and some timber, but timber production is more common in Muchinga and Northwestern provinces.

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The study was conducted in the three provinces of Eastern, Muchinga and Northwestern (Figure 2), which were selected by the Finnish Embassy in
The study was conducted in the three provinces of Eastern, Muchinga and Northwestern (Figure 2), which were selected by the Finnish Embassy in
Table 1. Attributes of provinces studied Sources: (a) Ndhlovu (2010); (b) CSO (2010); National Population Census; (c) Bwalya-Mukumbuta (2004); Mwenya (2004); Mukosha and Siampale (2008); (d) www.zra.org.zm; and (e) Solwezi district state of the environment report (2008).
Table 1. Attributes of provinces studied Sources: (a) Ndhlovu (2010); (b) CSO (2010); National Population Census; (c) Bwalya-Mukumbuta (2004); Mwenya (2004); Mukosha and Siampale (2008); (d) www.zra.org.zm; and (e) Solwezi district state of the environment report (2008).
Figure 3. Northwestern province, showing study districts of Mwinilunga and Kasempa Source: Makano and Moombe (2012)
Figure 3. Northwestern province, showing study districts of Mwinilunga and Kasempa Source: Makano and Moombe (2012)
Source: Mukosha and Siampale (2008)
Source: Mukosha and Siampale (2008)
Table 3. Characteristics of the study provinces and districts
Table 3. Characteristics of the study provinces and districts
Figure 4. SADC transport development corridors
Figure 4. SADC transport development corridors
Table 6. Trends in charcoal production and consumption
Table 6. Trends in charcoal production and consumption
Source: Ackello-Ogutu and Echessah (1998) Table 8. Informal charcoal and timber cross- border exports out of Tanzania 1995-1996
Source: Ackello-Ogutu and Echessah (1998) Table 8. Informal charcoal and timber cross- border exports out of Tanzania 1995-1996
Table 9. Abbreviations for districts and border towns in the study area Source: Authors
Table 9. Abbreviations for districts and border towns in the study area Source: Authors
Figure 5. A typical 50 kg bag of charcoal J.Léon, which is used in Southern province and some parts of Eastern province. Charcoal producers in Kamukuwe village in Chief Mushabva’s area thought that Piliostigma thonningii Milne-Redh would produce heavier charcoal than the average miombo tree species. The ‘head’ of the charcoal, and the manner in which it is constructed and secured, is a form of value added. In some cases, supports with webbing made from bark fibre and stems of Grewia monticola Sond. are used, while
Figure 5. A typical 50 kg bag of charcoal J.Léon, which is used in Southern province and some parts of Eastern province. Charcoal producers in Kamukuwe village in Chief Mushabva’s area thought that Piliostigma thonningii Milne-Redh would produce heavier charcoal than the average miombo tree species. The ‘head’ of the charcoal, and the manner in which it is constructed and secured, is a form of value added. In some cases, supports with webbing made from bark fibre and stems of Grewia monticola Sond. are used, while
Figure 6. A50 kg bag of charcoal witha 30 cm head other areas such as Northwestern province also use grass.
Figure 6. A50 kg bag of charcoal witha 30 cm head other areas such as Northwestern province also use grass.
‘igure 8. Kiln under construction on land cleared for cultivation in Nyimba district They were building the kiln on a site abou 1 ha in area that was being cleared for agricultural purposes.”4
‘igure 8. Kiln under construction on land cleared for cultivation in Nyimba district They were building the kiln on a site abou 1 ha in area that was being cleared for agricultural purposes.”4
Source: Current study Table 10. Sources of charcoal entering the study districts
Source: Current study Table 10. Sources of charcoal entering the study districts
Figure 9. Site of a former kiln, showing limited tree regeneration
Figure 9. Site of a former kiln, showing limited tree regeneration
Source: Current study
Source: Current study
Source: Data from current study
Source: Data from current study
(mostly 1 to 2 tonnes and haulage) and ox-carts are used to transport charcoal in and out of Zambia. Charcoal production is a household-based activity and this is the first level at which decisions are made; spouses, children and/or other household members involved in the activity determine the nature of the engagement. The second stage is at the traditional level, where village heads and chiefs are consulted. It was observed that chiefs in the study area may not allow charcoal production in their chiefdoms (e.g. Chief Mpezeni), but their control is weak. Traditional rules controlling access to, and use of, trees have generally broken down; it is unsurprising that most charcoal is produced on customary land. Chiefs and village heads face a dilemma: it is difficult to stop their subjects engaging in charcoal production with so few alternatives for generating income and meeting livelihood demands.
(mostly 1 to 2 tonnes and haulage) and ox-carts are used to transport charcoal in and out of Zambia. Charcoal production is a household-based activity and this is the first level at which decisions are made; spouses, children and/or other household members involved in the activity determine the nature of the engagement. The second stage is at the traditional level, where village heads and chiefs are consulted. It was observed that chiefs in the study area may not allow charcoal production in their chiefdoms (e.g. Chief Mpezeni), but their control is weak. Traditional rules controlling access to, and use of, trees have generally broken down; it is unsurprising that most charcoal is produced on customary land. Chiefs and village heads face a dilemma: it is difficult to stop their subjects engaging in charcoal production with so few alternatives for generating income and meeting livelihood demands.
Figure 12. Approximate consumption of charcoal by district Source: Data from current assessment
Figure 12. Approximate consumption of charcoal by district Source: Data from current assessment
Source: Data from current assessment
Source: Data from current assessment
Source: Data from current study Source: Data from current study In border towns, charcoal prices vary from ZMK 10 000 in Nakonde to ZMK 50 000 in Chililabombwe (C), depending on bag size. Most transactions are cash-based, but there is also EXC hange through barter and gifts. For example, in Chililabombwe (C) charcoal can be obtained in EXC hange for chitenge.”
Source: Data from current study Source: Data from current study In border towns, charcoal prices vary from ZMK 10 000 in Nakonde to ZMK 50 000 in Chililabombwe (C), depending on bag size. Most transactions are cash-based, but there is also EXC hange through barter and gifts. For example, in Chililabombwe (C) charcoal can be obtained in EXC hange for chitenge.”
Table 18. Months when charcoal prices are lowest in border towns
Table 18. Months when charcoal prices are lowest in border towns
Table 19. Charcoal production costs in a calendar year within the study districts
Table 19. Charcoal production costs in a calendar year within the study districts
Exchange rates: 1 USD = MWK 163; TZS 1593; BWP 7.32 BWP? Table 20. Prices for charcoal in districts
Exchange rates: 1 USD = MWK 163; TZS 1593; BWP 7.32 BWP? Table 20. Prices for charcoal in districts
Table 21. Requirements for issuance of forest logging licences in Zambia
Table 21. Requirements for issuance of forest logging licences in Zambia
Source: Authors’ calculations from interviews with pit sawyers and FD personnel; MTENR (2007).
Source: Authors’ calculations from interviews with pit sawyers and FD personnel; MTENR (2007).
Source: Data from current scoping study Table 23. Tree species extracted for timber
Source: Data from current scoping study Table 23. Tree species extracted for timber
Source: Data from current study
Source: Data from current study
Table 24. Timber production months
Table 24. Timber production months
Source: Data from current scoping study Table 26. Seasonal timber inflows into border towns Table 27. Sources of timber ferried through the districts
Source: Data from current scoping study Table 26. Seasonal timber inflows into border towns Table 27. Sources of timber ferried through the districts
Source: Data from current study
Source: Data from current study
Table 28. Markets for indigenous timber Source: Data from current study
Table 28. Markets for indigenous timber Source: Data from current study
Source: Data from current study
Source: Data from current study
Source: Data from current study Table 30. Seasonal variation in timber prices
Source: Data from current study Table 30. Seasonal variation in timber prices
Annex 1: Scoping study participants
Annex 1: Scoping study participants
[Circle as applicable using the table below] 1. Is charcoal produced in the district? Yes / No [circle] Decrease / Increase / Same or no change Annex 2: District checklist for charcoal and indigenous timber production and trade*’ 5. In a given year, which months have you observed higher inflows of charcoal to the district centre?
[Circle as applicable using the table below] 1. Is charcoal produced in the district? Yes / No [circle] Decrease / Increase / Same or no change Annex 2: District checklist for charcoal and indigenous timber production and trade*’ 5. In a given year, which months have you observed higher inflows of charcoal to the district centre?
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