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Buyang 782% is a Kra-Dai language spoken in Yunnan. It belongs to the Kra (aka $75 Ge-yang) branch. Its Langjia BH28 dialect was described by Li Jinfang 44855 (1999). Buyang has borrowed extensively from Chinese since first contact between Chinese and Kra-Dai, which presumably occurred when Qin Shi Huang's armies established a Chinese state in the region, around 200 BCE. A preliminary analysis of the stratification of Chinese loanwords based on the reflection of Chinese tones and segments points to at least six layers of direct or indirect Chinese loanwords.

Table 1 Buyang 782% is a Kra-Dai language spoken in Yunnan. It belongs to the Kra (aka $75 Ge-yang) branch. Its Langjia BH28 dialect was described by Li Jinfang 44855 (1999). Buyang has borrowed extensively from Chinese since first contact between Chinese and Kra-Dai, which presumably occurred when Qin Shi Huang's armies established a Chinese state in the region, around 200 BCE. A preliminary analysis of the stratification of Chinese loanwords based on the reflection of Chinese tones and segments points to at least six layers of direct or indirect Chinese loanwords.

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Buyang has also borrowed extensively from Zhuang j;{1-, the locally dominant Kra-Dai language, and a member of the Tai subgroup. As Zhuang loans themselves include much Chinese material, a Zhuang layer is included in Table 1 above. Chinese loans to Zhuang were made over as long a period as have loans to Buyang: material borrowed by Buyang from Zhuang was potentially borrowed at the time of the earliest contact with Chinese. The Late Middle Chinese and Mandarin layers were borrowed more recently.
Buyang has also borrowed extensively from Zhuang j;{1-, the locally dominant Kra-Dai language, and a member of the Tai subgroup. As Zhuang loans themselves include much Chinese material, a Zhuang layer is included in Table 1 above. Chinese loans to Zhuang were made over as long a period as have loans to Buyang: material borrowed by Buyang from Zhuang was potentially borrowed at the time of the earliest contact with Chinese. The Late Middle Chinese and Mandarin layers were borrowed more recently.
Four words from the Early and Zhuang layers which end in -n in Middle Chinese have -i in Buyang: 2. Treatment of Old Chinese *-r in loans to Buyang
Four words from the Early and Zhuang layers which end in -n in Middle Chinese have -i in Buyang: 2. Treatment of Old Chinese *-r in loans to Buyang
An exception is /T *[k]or > kj+n > jin ‘axe; catty’, treated by Buyang as ga:n™ 'ax', apparently in the Early II layer, despite having been reconstructed with *-r. This word cannot be part of the Late Middle Chinese layer, on account of its uvular initial. With this unexplained exception, the Buyang loan data are consistent with the view that the earliest Chinese donor(s) to that language distinguished between OC *-r and *-n. This argues that the coda in the Old Chinese word for 'dog': K *[k]"™[e][n]? (BS 2014) was *-r.
An exception is /T *[k]or > kj+n > jin ‘axe; catty’, treated by Buyang as ga:n™ 'ax', apparently in the Early II layer, despite having been reconstructed with *-r. This word cannot be part of the Late Middle Chinese layer, on account of its uvular initial. With this unexplained exception, the Buyang loan data are consistent with the view that the earliest Chinese donor(s) to that language distinguished between OC *-r and *-n. This argues that the coda in the Old Chinese word for 'dog': K *[k]"™[e][n]? (BS 2014) was *-r.
complementary distribution with respect to the preceding vowel:
complementary distribution with respect to the preceding vowel:
What happens to ST words with high vowels followed by the coda *-r in other ST languages ? In Table 8 we add forms from Bodo, Lushai and Karen, representing the Sal, Kuki-Chin-Naga and Karen groups of ST, respectively.
What happens to ST words with high vowels followed by the coda *-r in other ST languages ? In Table 8 we add forms from Bodo, Lushai and Karen, representing the Sal, Kuki-Chin-Naga and Karen groups of ST, respectively.
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Old Chinese
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