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Fig 3: Mean number of progeny emerged after re-storage. Reduction percentage was calculated based the on the insect emergence under the untreated maize grain.

Figure 3 Mean number of progeny emerged after re-storage. Reduction percentage was calculated based the on the insect emergence under the untreated maize grain.

Related Figures (3)

Fig 1: Insect identified during the study. A) Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella) B) maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) progeny emergence of maize weevil from the re- infestation and there by grain damage and weight loss |”), Solar heating of C. maculates infested pea pigeon seeds in polyethylene bags trapped maximum temperature of 65°C |"), This resulted in complete death of the adult without laying eggs in all the solar-heated bags while considerable egg laying had taken place when the control treatment was examined five weeks after the treatment. Our current result agrees with this report in case of the highest mortality under solar heat; however, specially, the progeny emergence of maize weevils in our study was comparatively higher in the maize grain treated by solar heat. This emergence difference is probably due to the maize weevils lays eggs inside the grain and the solar heat does not enough to penetrate the grain seed coat to kill the eggs inside
Fig 1: Insect identified during the study. A) Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella) B) maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) progeny emergence of maize weevil from the re- infestation and there by grain damage and weight loss |”), Solar heating of C. maculates infested pea pigeon seeds in polyethylene bags trapped maximum temperature of 65°C |"), This resulted in complete death of the adult without laying eggs in all the solar-heated bags while considerable egg laying had taken place when the control treatment was examined five weeks after the treatment. Our current result agrees with this report in case of the highest mortality under solar heat; however, specially, the progeny emergence of maize weevils in our study was comparatively higher in the maize grain treated by solar heat. This emergence difference is probably due to the maize weevils lays eggs inside the grain and the solar heat does not enough to penetrate the grain seed coat to kill the eggs inside
Fig 2: Percent mortality of insects due to treatments during the six months’ storage. A) Sitophilus zeamais percent mortality; B) Sitotroga cerealella percent mortality. Months were counted from the first date of maize storage. 3 months’ data was the average mortality of 2"4 and 34 months. 4" months was the first progeny mortality (During the 3 month, all insects were removed from the storage by sieving and restored). 6" month is the average mortality of 5 and 6" months. a a a a ol Three months after storage, all insects in . the grain were removed by sieving and restored to check the emergence of progeny. Accordingly, significant differences were observed among the treatments in weevil and Angoumois grain moth progeny emergence. Interestingly, the two botanicals and teff admixture caused significantly less progeny emergence o maize weevils compared to the other treatments (Fig. 3). Maesa lanceolate, Croton macrostachyus and teff admixture reduced the weevils’ progeny emergence by 59.7, 83.58 and 73.1% respectively. In case of Angoumois grain moth, Maesa lenceolata reduced the progeny emergence (70.1%), whereas, Croton macrostachyus, teff admixture and black polyethylene sheet resulted in the reduction of emergence by 44.7, 47.7 and 52.2 %, respectively. One of the fundamental characteristics of an effective grain protectant is its ability to reduce progeny production of insects in the treated grains "'°!, M. lanceolate reduced the progeny emergence of maize weevils by 40% in laboratory study "'!, However, in our study, M. lanceolate caused higher percent reduction of progeny emergence. Similarly, the Mexican tea powder significantly reduced
Fig 2: Percent mortality of insects due to treatments during the six months’ storage. A) Sitophilus zeamais percent mortality; B) Sitotroga cerealella percent mortality. Months were counted from the first date of maize storage. 3 months’ data was the average mortality of 2"4 and 34 months. 4" months was the first progeny mortality (During the 3 month, all insects were removed from the storage by sieving and restored). 6" month is the average mortality of 5 and 6" months. a a a a ol Three months after storage, all insects in . the grain were removed by sieving and restored to check the emergence of progeny. Accordingly, significant differences were observed among the treatments in weevil and Angoumois grain moth progeny emergence. Interestingly, the two botanicals and teff admixture caused significantly less progeny emergence o maize weevils compared to the other treatments (Fig. 3). Maesa lanceolate, Croton macrostachyus and teff admixture reduced the weevils’ progeny emergence by 59.7, 83.58 and 73.1% respectively. In case of Angoumois grain moth, Maesa lenceolata reduced the progeny emergence (70.1%), whereas, Croton macrostachyus, teff admixture and black polyethylene sheet resulted in the reduction of emergence by 44.7, 47.7 and 52.2 %, respectively. One of the fundamental characteristics of an effective grain protectant is its ability to reduce progeny production of insects in the treated grains "'°!, M. lanceolate reduced the progeny emergence of maize weevils by 40% in laboratory study "'!, However, in our study, M. lanceolate caused higher percent reduction of progeny emergence. Similarly, the Mexican tea powder significantly reduced
Fig 4: Percent of grain damage, grain weight loss and germination six months after storage ome NOE CAEEE Maes ae: Vigttl AUD @1lu Ss" REEAELCAURUER vr}Yst Stet — od Significant grain damage and grain weight loss were observed among the treatments compared to the untreated check six months’ post storage (Fig. 4). All treatments reduced the grain damage and weight loss compared to the untreated check. Black polyethylene sheet and teff admixture were showed less percent of grain damage and weight loss as standard check. The report from Ethiopia showed that mean percentage of grain damage and weight losses by the pests under traditional storage practices were 64.50 and 58.85%, respectively and the maximum damage and weight loss was caused by S. zeamais, grain damage ranged from 54 to 75% between three to six months of storage whereas the weight loss varied from 41 to 80% "!. To check the effect of the treatments on the seed germination, we tested the germination percentage at the end of the experiment (6months after storage). M. lanceolate, C. macrostachyus, admixture, and black polyethylene sheet increased the seed germination by 60, 60, 65, 63 %, respectively, over the untreated check. However, the significantly highest seed germination was recorded under the grain treated by teff admixture (90 %) and black polyethylene sheet (84 %).
Fig 4: Percent of grain damage, grain weight loss and germination six months after storage ome NOE CAEEE Maes ae: Vigttl AUD @1lu Ss" REEAELCAURUER vr}Yst Stet — od Significant grain damage and grain weight loss were observed among the treatments compared to the untreated check six months’ post storage (Fig. 4). All treatments reduced the grain damage and weight loss compared to the untreated check. Black polyethylene sheet and teff admixture were showed less percent of grain damage and weight loss as standard check. The report from Ethiopia showed that mean percentage of grain damage and weight losses by the pests under traditional storage practices were 64.50 and 58.85%, respectively and the maximum damage and weight loss was caused by S. zeamais, grain damage ranged from 54 to 75% between three to six months of storage whereas the weight loss varied from 41 to 80% "!. To check the effect of the treatments on the seed germination, we tested the germination percentage at the end of the experiment (6months after storage). M. lanceolate, C. macrostachyus, admixture, and black polyethylene sheet increased the seed germination by 60, 60, 65, 63 %, respectively, over the untreated check. However, the significantly highest seed germination was recorded under the grain treated by teff admixture (90 %) and black polyethylene sheet (84 %).
Related topics:
Biological control of insect pestsInsect Immunity
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