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R refers to correlation coefficient, TG, temperature gradient; RG, rainfall gradient; esG saturation vapor pressure gradient; eG, actual vapour pressure gradient; RH, relative humidity; qv, moisture flux; E, elevation; Lat, latitude; Lon, longitude. TABLE 6 | The coefficients are measured from the correlation evaluation between the gradient of temperatures and climatic variables.

Table 6 R refers to correlation coefficient, TG, temperature gradient; RG, rainfall gradient; esG saturation vapor pressure gradient; eG, actual vapour pressure gradient; RH, relative humidity; qv, moisture flux; E, elevation; Lat, latitude; Lon, longitude. TABLE 6 | The coefficients are measured from the correlation evaluation between the gradient of temperatures and climatic variables.

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FIGURE 1 | The study region’s location, spatial distribution of stations, elevations, and mean temperature. The contour lines in Figure 2B represent the elevation distribution in the study region. The mean temperature is calculated over the period 1981-2010.
FIGURE 1 | The study region’s location, spatial distribution of stations, elevations, and mean temperature. The contour lines in Figure 2B represent the elevation distribution in the study region. The mean temperature is calculated over the period 1981-2010.
FIGURE 2 | Monthly variations in mean wind vector and moisture flux at 850 hPa over the Sudanese region between 1981 and 2010
FIGURE 2 | Monthly variations in mean wind vector and moisture flux at 850 hPa over the Sudanese region between 1981 and 2010
FIGURE 3 | The spatial distribution of monthly mean rainfall in Sudan between 1981 and 2010.
FIGURE 3 | The spatial distribution of monthly mean rainfall in Sudan between 1981 and 2010.
TABLE 1 | Information about the stations used in this study.
TABLE 1 | Information about the stations used in this study.
TABLE 3 | The coefficient of standard error and the significance value from the multiple regressions.
TABLE 3 | The coefficient of standard error and the significance value from the multiple regressions.
FIGURE 4 | Annual variation in the proportion of variation (A) and residual error (B) resulting from multi-coolinearity assessment.
FIGURE 4 | Annual variation in the proportion of variation (A) and residual error (B) resulting from multi-coolinearity assessment.
C refers to constant, RG, rainfall gradient; Lat, latitude; Lon, longitude; E, elevation; SE, standard error of estimate; T, test statistic; p, significance value; RS, residual error; R?, proportion c variation. TABLE 4 | Rainfall gradients with elevation and geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) in the study region.
C refers to constant, RG, rainfall gradient; Lat, latitude; Lon, longitude; E, elevation; SE, standard error of estimate; T, test statistic; p, significance value; RS, residual error; R?, proportion c variation. TABLE 4 | Rainfall gradients with elevation and geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) in the study region.
FIGURE 6 | The monthly variation in mean rainfall and relative humidity in Sudan between 1981 and 2010. RGy,’s monthly variability is generally consistent with RGyon’s pattern, but the trend is nearly the opposite of RG, a,’s (Figures 7A,B). The rainfall gradient with latitude is shown to be negative throughout the observation period, with values ranging from —0.003 to -16.25 mm/"N. There is a strong negative RGyat (-16.25 mm/*N) in August. During the winter, however, RGyat values are almost negligible (not significant). However the results are statistically significant when the RG; values are steepest, (Figure 7B; Table 4). Except for the month of August, the results
FIGURE 6 | The monthly variation in mean rainfall and relative humidity in Sudan between 1981 and 2010. RGy,’s monthly variability is generally consistent with RGyon’s pattern, but the trend is nearly the opposite of RG, a,’s (Figures 7A,B). The rainfall gradient with latitude is shown to be negative throughout the observation period, with values ranging from —0.003 to -16.25 mm/"N. There is a strong negative RGyat (-16.25 mm/*N) in August. During the winter, however, RGyat values are almost negligible (not significant). However the results are statistically significant when the RG; values are steepest, (Figure 7B; Table 4). Except for the month of August, the results
FIGURE 7 | Monthly variations in rainfall gradients and their significance values as a function of elevation (A) and geographical coordinates (B) Sudanese stations. August has the most rainfall and the highest humidity (rainfall = 91 mm, RH = 55 percent). However, rainfall in February is almost nil (0.01 mm). The results show that the country experiences low levels of rainfall during the winter months (range: 0.01-0.58 mm), which lasts until the month of
FIGURE 7 | Monthly variations in rainfall gradients and their significance values as a function of elevation (A) and geographical coordinates (B) Sudanese stations. August has the most rainfall and the highest humidity (rainfall = 91 mm, RH = 55 percent). However, rainfall in February is almost nil (0.01 mm). The results show that the country experiences low levels of rainfall during the winter months (range: 0.01-0.58 mm), which lasts until the month of
FIGURE 8 | Monthly variation in the study region’s area weighted mean moisture flux (qv) at different pressure levels.
FIGURE 8 | Monthly variation in the study region’s area weighted mean moisture flux (qv) at different pressure levels.
FIGURE 9 | The annual cycle of e,, e and Ae gradients with elevation (A,B), latitude (C,D) and longitude (E,F) over the study region.
FIGURE 9 | The annual cycle of e,, e and Ae gradients with elevation (A,B), latitude (C,D) and longitude (E,F) over the study region.
FIGURE 10 | The spatial distribution of moisture flux (qv) and wind vector in three different pressure levels over 3 months (e.g., 1,000, 700, and 500 hPa).
FIGURE 10 | The spatial distribution of moisture flux (qv) and wind vector in three different pressure levels over 3 months (e.g., 1,000, 700, and 500 hPa).
FIGURE 11 | Variation in the diurnal temperature range and its gradient with elevation (A) and geographical coordinates (B) in the study region.
FIGURE 11 | Variation in the diurnal temperature range and its gradient with elevation (A) and geographical coordinates (B) in the study region.
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Boundary Layer MeteorologyAtmospheric PhysicsTropical MeteorologyMeteorology & Climatology
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