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Isotopic results for vegetation, insects, and guano samples collected in 2013 and 2015. For details of sample location see Forray et al. (2015).

Table 1 Isotopic results for vegetation, insects, and guano samples collected in 2013 and 2015. For details of sample location see Forray et al. (2015).

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Fig. 1. A) Map of Romania showing the sites discussed in text; 1) Zidita Cave; 2) Sebes Meteorological Station; 3) Deva Meteorological Station; B) Map of Zidita Cave (modified after Forray et al., 2015; courtesy of Proteus, Hunedoara). Inset: location of Romania within Europe.
Fig. 1. A) Map of Romania showing the sites discussed in text; 1) Zidita Cave; 2) Sebes Meteorological Station; 3) Deva Meteorological Station; B) Map of Zidita Cave (modified after Forray et al., 2015; courtesy of Proteus, Hunedoara). Inset: location of Romania within Europe.
Fig. 3. A) &!°N (blue) and 5'°C (black) values of bulk guano for the entire core (note that 5'°C axis is inverted). B) Close up of the 1960 to 2012 CE period. !°N of guano from Rh. euryc (blue rhomb; 2013 CE), and M. myotis (green rhomb; 2015 CE). Suess-corrected 6'°C values deviate from uncorrected values during the Industrial Era (since ~1850 CE), and increase in total by about 1.8%. at the top of the core. Hereafter, 5'3C associated with pre-industrial guano are raw values and post 1850 CE refers to Suess-corrected values. Excluding a few relatively short intervals, the 6'°C values decrease grad- ually from — 24.7 to — 25.9%. between 1000 and ~ 1800 CE (Fig. 3A). Near the end of the LIA there is a rapid 2%. increase followed by an abrupt decrease to the lowest value in the time series (1856 CE; — 27.5%). After this decline, the values generally trend towards more Except for the young branch sample, vegetation had a mean 6!°N value of — 1.6%. (Table 1). The two insect samples (3.5%.) were 4.5%o higher than the mean of all vegetation analyzed. There is a ~4.5%.
Fig. 3. A) &!°N (blue) and 5'°C (black) values of bulk guano for the entire core (note that 5'°C axis is inverted). B) Close up of the 1960 to 2012 CE period. !°N of guano from Rh. euryc (blue rhomb; 2013 CE), and M. myotis (green rhomb; 2015 CE). Suess-corrected 6'°C values deviate from uncorrected values during the Industrial Era (since ~1850 CE), and increase in total by about 1.8%. at the top of the core. Hereafter, 5'3C associated with pre-industrial guano are raw values and post 1850 CE refers to Suess-corrected values. Excluding a few relatively short intervals, the 6'°C values decrease grad- ually from — 24.7 to — 25.9%. between 1000 and ~ 1800 CE (Fig. 3A). Near the end of the LIA there is a rapid 2%. increase followed by an abrupt decrease to the lowest value in the time series (1856 CE; — 27.5%). After this decline, the values generally trend towards more Except for the young branch sample, vegetation had a mean 6!°N value of — 1.6%. (Table 1). The two insect samples (3.5%.) were 4.5%o higher than the mean of all vegetation analyzed. There is a ~4.5%.
Fig. 2. Variation of %N (blue), %C (black), and C:N (brown) with depth in bulk guano.
Fig. 2. Variation of %N (blue), %C (black), and C:N (brown) with depth in bulk guano.
Fig. 4. 5'°N (blue) and 8'°C (dashed-black) values of bulk guano along with microcharcoal (gray; data from Forray et al., 2015) in ZC core. Mean annual precipitation (mm) at Deva station (purple) and the major flooding events (blue bars). Arrows indicate drier or wetter conditions as interpreted by 5'°N and 8!°C values, respectively. A) 1700-2012 CE: green shading (zones 1, 3, and 5) represents the timing of recognized forest expansion/decrease in agricultural activity; zones 2, 4, and 6 mark periods of deforestation/increases in farming practices; B) 1960- 2012 CE, 7: dramatic increase in agricultural activities; 8: increase in controlled fires with no significant forest expansion during this period (see text for further information and note that 85°C axis is inverted).
Fig. 4. 5'°N (blue) and 8'°C (dashed-black) values of bulk guano along with microcharcoal (gray; data from Forray et al., 2015) in ZC core. Mean annual precipitation (mm) at Deva station (purple) and the major flooding events (blue bars). Arrows indicate drier or wetter conditions as interpreted by 5'°N and 8!°C values, respectively. A) 1700-2012 CE: green shading (zones 1, 3, and 5) represents the timing of recognized forest expansion/decrease in agricultural activity; zones 2, 4, and 6 mark periods of deforestation/increases in farming practices; B) 1960- 2012 CE, 7: dramatic increase in agricultural activities; 8: increase in controlled fires with no significant forest expansion during this period (see text for further information and note that 85°C axis is inverted).
Fig. 5. Correlation analysis of 8'°C and 8!9N of guano (1974-2012 CE).
Fig. 5. Correlation analysis of 8'°C and 8!9N of guano (1974-2012 CE).
Total precipitation (TP) data from Sebes Meteorological Station and ZC guano 6'°N values.
Total precipitation (TP) data from Sebes Meteorological Station and ZC guano 6'°N values.
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Stable Isotope Analysis
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