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FIGURE 2. Measurements. 1: cranium length, from the apex of t premaxilla, from the nasofrontal hinge to the premaxillary apex; the premaxillary apex; 4: nostril length, 5: nostril width; 6: proc ht; 9: mandible length; 10: length of the mandibu ht of mandibular ramus; 13: maximum mandibular h ateral cotyla; 16: maximum width of the mandible; 17: humerus length, from the caput humeris to the end of processu. ft at midpoint; 20: humerus distal width; 21: carpometacarpu: heig! heig! the | eng flexorius; 18: proximal humerus width; 19: humerus wid h; 22: carpometacarpus proximal width; 23: carpometacarpus distal width; 24: coracoid acrocoracoideus to the angulus medialis coracoidei. 25 the d end. istal part o f the distal condyles; 26: tibiotarsus widt ar symp 3: ventral length of the premaxi minimal mandibular height at t th of sha he premaxilla to the end of the cranium; 2: dorsal length of th la, from the palatine notch t essus dorsonarialis width; 7: premaxilla width; 8: premaxill: hysis; 11: maximum width of the symphysis; 12: minimun eight; 14: he lateral cotyla; 15: length o length, from the processu. : tibiotarsus length from the apex of the facies articularis medialis t h of shaft at midpoint; and 27: tibiotarsus maximum width of the dista

Figure 2 Measurements. 1: cranium length, from the apex of t premaxilla, from the nasofrontal hinge to the premaxillary apex; the premaxillary apex; 4: nostril length, 5: nostril width; 6: proc ht; 9: mandible length; 10: length of the mandibu ht of mandibular ramus; 13: maximum mandibular h ateral cotyla; 16: maximum width of the mandible; 17: humerus length, from the caput humeris to the end of processu. ft at midpoint; 20: humerus distal width; 21: carpometacarpu: heig! heig! the | eng flexorius; 18: proximal humerus width; 19: humerus wid h; 22: carpometacarpus proximal width; 23: carpometacarpus distal width; 24: coracoid acrocoracoideus to the angulus medialis coracoidei. 25 the d end. istal part o f the distal condyles; 26: tibiotarsus widt ar symp 3: ventral length of the premaxi minimal mandibular height at t th of sha he premaxilla to the end of the cranium; 2: dorsal length of th la, from the palatine notch t essus dorsonarialis width; 7: premaxilla width; 8: premaxill: hysis; 11: maximum width of the symphysis; 12: minimun eight; 14: he lateral cotyla; 15: length o length, from the processu. : tibiotarsus length from the apex of the facies articularis medialis t h of shaft at midpoint; and 27: tibiotarsus maximum width of the dista

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FIGURE 3. Premaxilla and mandible of Pyrrhula crassa n.sp. (A; MCMa 2003.016 holotype, A*; MCMa 2002.016, reversed), P. murina (B, B’; SPEA-140) and P. pyrrhula (C; LARC- 2328, C’; CIPA-1570). From top to bottom: dorsal, ventral and lateral views. Quadrate of P. crassa n.sp. (D; MCMa 1998.016), P. pyrrhula (E; CIPA-1570), and Fringilla coelebs (F; IMEDEA 12518). Lateral view. compared with other Fringillidae, such as Fringilla, Carduelis, Serinus, or Coccothraustes (e.g., Moreno 1984). In addition, the quadrate of Pyrrhula has the condylus medialis relatively larger compared with other Fringillidae. The comparisons are focused on the new taxon’s closest relatives so we have not compared it with other extant or extinct insular large billed finches.
FIGURE 3. Premaxilla and mandible of Pyrrhula crassa n.sp. (A; MCMa 2003.016 holotype, A*; MCMa 2002.016, reversed), P. murina (B, B’; SPEA-140) and P. pyrrhula (C; LARC- 2328, C’; CIPA-1570). From top to bottom: dorsal, ventral and lateral views. Quadrate of P. crassa n.sp. (D; MCMa 1998.016), P. pyrrhula (E; CIPA-1570), and Fringilla coelebs (F; IMEDEA 12518). Lateral view. compared with other Fringillidae, such as Fringilla, Carduelis, Serinus, or Coccothraustes (e.g., Moreno 1984). In addition, the quadrate of Pyrrhula has the condylus medialis relatively larger compared with other Fringillidae. The comparisons are focused on the new taxon’s closest relatives so we have not compared it with other extant or extinct insular large billed finches.
FIGURE 5. A: Skull and mandible, lateral view. From top to bottom: Pyrrhula pyrrhula, LARC 2328; P. murina, SPEA 120; P. crassa n.sp., based on premaxilla MCMa 2006.016 and mandible MCMa 2002.016. The missing parts have been added using the equivalent parts of P. murina. Scale = 1 cm. B: From top to bottom: aspect of extant P. pyrrhula; P. murina; and possible aspect in life of P. crassa n.sp. (colours are speculative). Art by Pau Oliver.
FIGURE 5. A: Skull and mandible, lateral view. From top to bottom: Pyrrhula pyrrhula, LARC 2328; P. murina, SPEA 120; P. crassa n.sp., based on premaxilla MCMa 2006.016 and mandible MCMa 2002.016. The missing parts have been added using the equivalent parts of P. murina. Scale = 1 cm. B: From top to bottom: aspect of extant P. pyrrhula; P. murina; and possible aspect in life of P. crassa n.sp. (colours are speculative). Art by Pau Oliver.
TABLE 1. Cranial measurements (traits 1-16; as in figure 2) of Pyrrhula crassa n. sp., P. murina, P. pyrrhula and P. erythaca. Mean length (mm) + standard error, sample size shown in brackets and range. Diagnosis. Quadrate larger than in any other known species of Pyrrhula. The premaxilla is very robust, while the nostrils are relatively smaller in relation to the bill size than they are in P murina or P. pyrrhula, and the processus dorsonarialis is relatively wide (84% and 50% wider than in P pyrrhula and P. murina respectively) . The mandible is much larger, higher and more robust than in congeners. The symphyseal part of the mandible is higher than in its congeners (on average, 75.6% higher than in P. pyrrhula and 42% than in P. murina), while its length is only 57% longer than in P. pyrrhula and 32% longer than in P. murina. The humerus, carpometacarpus, coracoid, and tibiotarsus are longer and more robust than in the other known species of the genus (Figures 3 and 4).
TABLE 1. Cranial measurements (traits 1-16; as in figure 2) of Pyrrhula crassa n. sp., P. murina, P. pyrrhula and P. erythaca. Mean length (mm) + standard error, sample size shown in brackets and range. Diagnosis. Quadrate larger than in any other known species of Pyrrhula. The premaxilla is very robust, while the nostrils are relatively smaller in relation to the bill size than they are in P murina or P. pyrrhula, and the processus dorsonarialis is relatively wide (84% and 50% wider than in P pyrrhula and P. murina respectively) . The mandible is much larger, higher and more robust than in congeners. The symphyseal part of the mandible is higher than in its congeners (on average, 75.6% higher than in P. pyrrhula and 42% than in P. murina), while its length is only 57% longer than in P. pyrrhula and 32% longer than in P. murina. The humerus, carpometacarpus, coracoid, and tibiotarsus are longer and more robust than in the other known species of the genus (Figures 3 and 4).
We have been able to compare the fossil bones of P. crassa with those of a single partial skeleton of P. murina. Relative to that species, P. crassa also has a more robust premaxilla, about 18% longer and 25% wider, with a very robust nasal bar (50 % more robust than in P. murina). The mandible is 23% longer than in P. murina. The symphysis is relatively more developed in P. crassa, being 32% longer and 35% wider than in P. murina. The mandible is relatively higher in the new species than in P. murina (symphyseal height, 42.5% higher, cotylar height, 69% higher). The humerus of the new species is 18% longer than in P. pyrrhula, and relatively more robust. The tibiotarsus is longer (8%) and relatively wider (13%) than in P murina. Tha wenmarvllan and mawndNikhlan ALD jnnnann anen lava than than Ahan wannn fan D mrwwndlasla new D vamithaananin
We have been able to compare the fossil bones of P. crassa with those of a single partial skeleton of P. murina. Relative to that species, P. crassa also has a more robust premaxilla, about 18% longer and 25% wider, with a very robust nasal bar (50 % more robust than in P. murina). The mandible is 23% longer than in P. murina. The symphysis is relatively more developed in P. crassa, being 32% longer and 35% wider than in P. murina. The mandible is relatively higher in the new species than in P. murina (symphyseal height, 42.5% higher, cotylar height, 69% higher). The humerus of the new species is 18% longer than in P. pyrrhula, and relatively more robust. The tibiotarsus is longer (8%) and relatively wider (13%) than in P murina. Tha wenmarvllan and mawndNikhlan ALD jnnnann anen lava than than Ahan wannn fan D mrwwndlasla new D vamithaananin
FIGURE 6. (A): PCA plot for the two principal components obtained from premaxilla ventral length, nostril length, and premaxilla width and height (traits 3, 4, 7 and 8). (B): PCA plot for the two principal components obtained from mandible length, symphysis length and width (traits 9, 10 and 11). Pyrrhula pyrrhula (triangles), P. erythaca (circles), P. murina (squares), and P. crassa n.sp. (stars).
FIGURE 6. (A): PCA plot for the two principal components obtained from premaxilla ventral length, nostril length, and premaxilla width and height (traits 3, 4, 7 and 8). (B): PCA plot for the two principal components obtained from mandible length, symphysis length and width (traits 9, 10 and 11). Pyrrhula pyrrhula (triangles), P. erythaca (circles), P. murina (squares), and P. crassa n.sp. (stars).
SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE S1. Known mandibles of Pyrrhula crassa n. sp. A: ventral view. B: dorsal view. C: lateral view. 1. MCMa 1999.016. 2. MCMa 2001.016. 3. MCMa 2000.016. 4. MCMa 2002.016 holotype.
SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE S1. Known mandibles of Pyrrhula crassa n. sp. A: ventral view. B: dorsal view. C: lateral view. 1. MCMa 1999.016. 2. MCMa 2001.016. 3. MCMa 2000.016. 4. MCMa 2002.016 holotype.
SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE S82. Known premaxilla of P. crassa n.sp. A: dorsal view. B: ventral view. C: lateral view. 1. MCMa 2007.016. 2. MCMa 2006.016. 3. MCMa 2005.016. 4. MCMa 2004.016. 5. MCMa 2003.016. 6. MCMa 2008.016.
SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE S82. Known premaxilla of P. crassa n.sp. A: dorsal view. B: ventral view. C: lateral view. 1. MCMa 2007.016. 2. MCMa 2006.016. 3. MCMa 2005.016. 4. MCMa 2004.016. 5. MCMa 2003.016. 6. MCMa 2008.016.
SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE S83. Known long bones of P. crassa n.sp. 1. Humerus, caudal view. 2. Humerus, cranial view. 3. Carpometacarpus, ventral view. 4. Coracoid, dorsal view. 5. Tibiotarsus, cranial and caudal views. 1A, 2A: MCMa 1998.016. 1B, 2B: MCMa 2009.016. 3A: MCMa 1998.016; 3B: MCMa 2009.016; 3C: MCMa 2010.016. 4A, 4B: MCMa 1998.016. 5A, 5B: MCMa 1998.016.
SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE S83. Known long bones of P. crassa n.sp. 1. Humerus, caudal view. 2. Humerus, cranial view. 3. Carpometacarpus, ventral view. 4. Coracoid, dorsal view. 5. Tibiotarsus, cranial and caudal views. 1A, 2A: MCMa 1998.016. 1B, 2B: MCMa 2009.016. 3A: MCMa 1998.016; 3B: MCMa 2009.016; 3C: MCMa 2010.016. 4A, 4B: MCMa 1998.016. 5A, 5B: MCMa 1998.016.
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