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Table 1 Sampling sites at River Ghaghara with their geographical co-ordinates

Table 1 Sampling sites at River Ghaghara with their geographical co-ordinates

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Fig. 1 Sampling stations of the River Ghaghara with the adjoining cities
Fig. 1 Sampling stations of the River Ghaghara with the adjoining cities
Table 2 Descriptive statistics of heavy metals ions present in sediment of river Ghaghara
Table 2 Descriptive statistics of heavy metals ions present in sediment of river Ghaghara
times more Cu than plants on dry lands (IISc 2001). The higher value of Cu substance can harm the plant roots by destroying the cell membrane structure, restrain root development and formation of many short auxiliary roots.
times more Cu than plants on dry lands (IISc 2001). The higher value of Cu substance can harm the plant roots by destroying the cell membrane structure, restrain root development and formation of many short auxiliary roots.
Fig. 2. continued
Fig. 2. continued
© USEPA (1999), > Turekian and Wedepohl (1961), * Subramanian et al. (1987), ° Martin and Meybeck (1979 Table 3 Comparative analysis of heavy metal ion concentration of Ghaghara River sediment (GRS) with average shale values (ASV), toxicity reference values (TRV), Indian River system (IRS), and World river system (WRS)
© USEPA (1999), > Turekian and Wedepohl (1961), * Subramanian et al. (1987), ° Martin and Meybeck (1979 Table 3 Comparative analysis of heavy metal ion concentration of Ghaghara River sediment (GRS) with average shale values (ASV), toxicity reference values (TRV), Indian River system (IRS), and World river system (WRS)
Table 4 Comparison of average concentration (mg/kg) of heavy metals present in sediment of Ghaghara River with other World rivers Table 5 Geo-accumulation index (/geo) of the Ghaghara river sediment
Table 4 Comparison of average concentration (mg/kg) of heavy metals present in sediment of Ghaghara River with other World rivers Table 5 Geo-accumulation index (/geo) of the Ghaghara river sediment
precipitated at pH 10. It is bio-accumulated through aquatic organisms such as phytoplanktons, seaweeds, and algae. class zero. It indicates that river sediment of these sites is very close to the background value which may increase in future due to increasing anthropogenic addition. In similar studies for the sediment of the river Ganga it was found that the value of Ni was 42 mg/kg at Ghazipur, 59 mg/kg at Buxar, and 52 mg/kg at Ballia (Singh et al. 2013a). Ni concentration in sediments of the river Ghaghara is com- pared with other rivers of the World and is presented in Table 5. Ni concentration was 27.7 mg/kg for the river Cauvery (Raju et al. 2012), 67.1 mg/kg for the river Euphrates (Salah et al. 2012), 41.9 mg/kg for the river Yangtze (Wang et al. 2011), and 68 mg/kg was the World average (Turekian and Wedepohl 1961). Nickel can be accumulated in aquatic biota, but its magnification in the food chain is not confirmed. CF factor indicates that the Ni contamination follows the class 1 with low contamination level. It is maximum at Ayodhya. Ni in the aquatic body forms complexes with varying soluble organic and inor- ganic materials. It adsorbs directly on clay particles and has the capability to co-precipitate with hydroxides of iron and manganese. It is soluble at higher pH values and gets
precipitated at pH 10. It is bio-accumulated through aquatic organisms such as phytoplanktons, seaweeds, and algae. class zero. It indicates that river sediment of these sites is very close to the background value which may increase in future due to increasing anthropogenic addition. In similar studies for the sediment of the river Ganga it was found that the value of Ni was 42 mg/kg at Ghazipur, 59 mg/kg at Buxar, and 52 mg/kg at Ballia (Singh et al. 2013a). Ni concentration in sediments of the river Ghaghara is com- pared with other rivers of the World and is presented in Table 5. Ni concentration was 27.7 mg/kg for the river Cauvery (Raju et al. 2012), 67.1 mg/kg for the river Euphrates (Salah et al. 2012), 41.9 mg/kg for the river Yangtze (Wang et al. 2011), and 68 mg/kg was the World average (Turekian and Wedepohl 1961). Nickel can be accumulated in aquatic biota, but its magnification in the food chain is not confirmed. CF factor indicates that the Ni contamination follows the class 1 with low contamination level. It is maximum at Ayodhya. Ni in the aquatic body forms complexes with varying soluble organic and inor- ganic materials. It adsorbs directly on clay particles and has the capability to co-precipitate with hydroxides of iron and manganese. It is soluble at higher pH values and gets
At significant level of p < 0.05 Table 7 Correlation matrix between heavy metals analyzed in sediment of the river Ghaghara
At significant level of p < 0.05 Table 7 Correlation matrix between heavy metals analyzed in sediment of the river Ghaghara
Table 6 Metal contamination factor (CF) with contamination degree (CD) and pollution load index (PLD) values of sediments River Ghaghar
Table 6 Metal contamination factor (CF) with contamination degree (CD) and pollution load index (PLD) values of sediments River Ghaghar
suggested from common anthropogenic sources, and that they can be affected by possible additions. While positive relationship between Zn, Co, Cu, Cr, and Ni demonstrated a characteristic natural origin of these components in the waterway sediment. As per Suresh et al. (2011), if the relationship coefficient between the considering metals is higher, metals have a common source of origin with mutual dependence and similar behavior during transport. Weak correlation among other metals recommends that the sub- stance of these metals are not controlled by any single element, but rather it is controlled by a combination of geochemical support and associations. The cluster analysis was performed using standard method as Squared Euclidean Distance and Ward’s linkage method (Singh et al. 2015). Based on Fig. 3 two clusters (grou ps) with different hydrogeochemical characteristic can be distinguished. The first cluster includes locations of Ayod hya_winter and all the Katerniaghat_summer, Colonelganj_summer, Ayodhya_summer, Dohrighat_sum- mer, samp and Chhapra_summer. The second cluster has rest ing sites of different season. This grouping gives evidence that some sites have similar sources of pollution from point or nonpoint sources. These sites are polluted by industries and agriculture activities.
suggested from common anthropogenic sources, and that they can be affected by possible additions. While positive relationship between Zn, Co, Cu, Cr, and Ni demonstrated a characteristic natural origin of these components in the waterway sediment. As per Suresh et al. (2011), if the relationship coefficient between the considering metals is higher, metals have a common source of origin with mutual dependence and similar behavior during transport. Weak correlation among other metals recommends that the sub- stance of these metals are not controlled by any single element, but rather it is controlled by a combination of geochemical support and associations. The cluster analysis was performed using standard method as Squared Euclidean Distance and Ward’s linkage method (Singh et al. 2015). Based on Fig. 3 two clusters (grou ps) with different hydrogeochemical characteristic can be distinguished. The first cluster includes locations of Ayod hya_winter and all the Katerniaghat_summer, Colonelganj_summer, Ayodhya_summer, Dohrighat_sum- mer, samp and Chhapra_summer. The second cluster has rest ing sites of different season. This grouping gives evidence that some sites have similar sources of pollution from point or nonpoint sources. These sites are polluted by industries and agriculture activities.
Related topics:
EngineeringMultivariate StatisticsHeavy Metal PollutionSediment ContaminationSediment Contamination IndicesGeologic Sediments
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