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Table 8 Data used for generation of thematic maps. Methodology

Table 8 Data used for generation of thematic maps. Methodology

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Figure 1-1 Ganga -Brahmaputra-M eghna basin (Rahaman, 2005).
Figure 1-1 Ganga -Brahmaputra-M eghna basin (Rahaman, 2005).
Figure 1-2 Corridor for Canal linkage in Indian Territory (Siliguri Chicken Neck).
Figure 1-2 Corridor for Canal linkage in Indian Territory (Siliguri Chicken Neck).
Figure 1-3 Proposed inter basin water transfer schemes in the Himalayan component (http://www.nwda.gov.in). basin can be linked by one of the two stated links in the ILR plan as seen in Figure These two components of the ILR plan pass through the Himalayan foothill region which is structurally controlled. The important structural elements are the (Figure 1- These two components of the ILR plan pass through the Himalayan foothill region
Figure 1-3 Proposed inter basin water transfer schemes in the Himalayan component (http://www.nwda.gov.in). basin can be linked by one of the two stated links in the ILR plan as seen in Figure These two components of the ILR plan pass through the Himalayan foothill region which is structurally controlled. The important structural elements are the (Figure 1- These two components of the ILR plan pass through the Himalayan foothill region
GEOINFORMATICS FOR INTER BASIN WATER TRANSFER ASSESSMENT
GEOINFORMATICS FOR INTER BASIN WATER TRANSFER ASSESSMENT
Figure 2-1 Baseline information required for potential reservoir site location (Bose and Gupta, 2003). An integrated approach involving study of all principal environmental features like topography, geomorphology, lithology, soil, hydrology /drainage pattern and landuse has been suggested in a landscape approach of terrain classification but geomorphology holds the main key in terrain classification using remote sensing technology (van Zuidam and van Zuidam-Cancelado, 1985).Thus spatial baseline information needs to be generated through terrain analysis and classification with morphogenetic approach (Meijerink, 1988) using Remote Sensing data. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems is the most moder tool for generation of the aforesaid spatial data with temporal changes. Subsequent integration and analysis of the non spatial data along with spatial data help to conclude on "strategic datasets" (i.e. Geoinformation). This enables to give emphasis on type of engineering work that should be carried out (Chakrabarti, 2000). An integrated approach involving study of all principal environmental features like
Figure 2-1 Baseline information required for potential reservoir site location (Bose and Gupta, 2003). An integrated approach involving study of all principal environmental features like topography, geomorphology, lithology, soil, hydrology /drainage pattern and landuse has been suggested in a landscape approach of terrain classification but geomorphology holds the main key in terrain classification using remote sensing technology (van Zuidam and van Zuidam-Cancelado, 1985).Thus spatial baseline information needs to be generated through terrain analysis and classification with morphogenetic approach (Meijerink, 1988) using Remote Sensing data. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems is the most moder tool for generation of the aforesaid spatial data with temporal changes. Subsequent integration and analysis of the non spatial data along with spatial data help to conclude on "strategic datasets" (i.e. Geoinformation). This enables to give emphasis on type of engineering work that should be carried out (Chakrabarti, 2000). An integrated approach involving study of all principal environmental features like
Figure 2-2 Activity Flow Chart (Bose and Gupta, 2003). case of transboundary or large river basins (Haase and Frotscher, 2005). Till date various elevation data have been applied in different hydrological models but most of them are restricted to watershed delineation, morphometric analysis, flood inundation modelling, water level fluctuation, sediment erosion and deposition (Wechsler, 2006). But a very few studies have attempted to quantify or evaluate reservoir capacities, reservoir site selection within large river basins. The basic reason for this is data availability and data quality as these are very critical issues in case of transboundary or large river basins (Haase and Frotscher, 2005).
Figure 2-2 Activity Flow Chart (Bose and Gupta, 2003). case of transboundary or large river basins (Haase and Frotscher, 2005). Till date various elevation data have been applied in different hydrological models but most of them are restricted to watershed delineation, morphometric analysis, flood inundation modelling, water level fluctuation, sediment erosion and deposition (Wechsler, 2006). But a very few studies have attempted to quantify or evaluate reservoir capacities, reservoir site selection within large river basins. The basic reason for this is data availability and data quality as these are very critical issues in case of transboundary or large river basins (Haase and Frotscher, 2005).
Table 4 Mean annual sediment load of major rivers of study area. terms of channel slope variation, sediment load, aggradation and degradation. The channel slope varies depending on the terrain characteristics. The study area covers mainly the piedmont zone and parts of the active plain. The gradient of the major rivers in this physiographic regions are shown in Table 3 (unnamed government report, 2000). The basic source of sediments in these rivers is erosion of land surface and to some extent erosion of beds. The sediment load, due to flat slopes of river, is deposited in the river beds forcing the river to have a braided character to find equilibrium condition of discharge, velocity, sediment load and slope. Table 4 (unnamed government report, 2000) shows the mean annual sediment load of the five major rivers in the study area.
Table 4 Mean annual sediment load of major rivers of study area. terms of channel slope variation, sediment load, aggradation and degradation. The channel slope varies depending on the terrain characteristics. The study area covers mainly the piedmont zone and parts of the active plain. The gradient of the major rivers in this physiographic regions are shown in Table 3 (unnamed government report, 2000). The basic source of sediments in these rivers is erosion of land surface and to some extent erosion of beds. The sediment load, due to flat slopes of river, is deposited in the river beds forcing the river to have a braided character to find equilibrium condition of discharge, velocity, sediment load and slope. Table 4 (unnamed government report, 2000) shows the mean annual sediment load of the five major rivers in the study area.
Studies have also found that the changing characteristics of these rivers is due to difference in discharge, sediment load, sediment size and slope leading to aggradation and degradation of the river bed. Section of the five major rivers have been studied at multiple locations and it has been observed that average depth of deposition and scour in Teesta varies from + 1 to -18 cm while it is very high in case of Jaldhaka, Torsa and Raidak I (one of the branches of Raidak) which varies from + 6 to + 72 cm, - 17 to + 72 cm and - 10 to 76 cm respectively. Another branch of Raidak, Raidak II has no deposition or scour in the last 15 years while for Sankosh it is about - 165 cm, though the above values are indicative of the hydrologic character of the rivers in the study area (unnamed government report, 2000).
Studies have also found that the changing characteristics of these rivers is due to difference in discharge, sediment load, sediment size and slope leading to aggradation and degradation of the river bed. Section of the five major rivers have been studied at multiple locations and it has been observed that average depth of deposition and scour in Teesta varies from + 1 to -18 cm while it is very high in case of Jaldhaka, Torsa and Raidak I (one of the branches of Raidak) which varies from + 6 to + 72 cm, - 17 to + 72 cm and - 10 to 76 cm respectively. Another branch of Raidak, Raidak II has no deposition or scour in the last 15 years while for Sankosh it is about - 165 cm, though the above values are indicative of the hydrologic character of the rivers in the study area (unnamed government report, 2000).
Table 5 Calculated peak discharge of rivers in study area. Limitations of water transfer and possible consequences 24.
Table 5 Calculated peak discharge of rivers in study area. Limitations of water transfer and possible consequences 24.
Table 6 Rivers in Brahmaputra and Ganga basin.
Table 6 Rivers in Brahmaputra and Ganga basin.
Figure 3-1 Location of the Study Area in the state of West Bengal, India. basin for onward transfer to water deficit area in other parts of the country.
Figure 3-1 Location of the Study Area in the state of West Bengal, India. basin for onward transfer to water deficit area in other parts of the country.
Figure 3-4 Lineaments identified fromIRS P6 LISS Ii data of 15th Nov 2005 and DEM generated from SRTM data (90m resolution) superimposed on geology of the study area.
Figure 3-4 Lineaments identified fromIRS P6 LISS Ii data of 15th Nov 2005 and DEM generated from SRTM data (90m resolution) superimposed on geology of the study area.
Table 7 Morphostratigraphic Units of West Bengal (GSI unpublished report). The study area is influenced by tectonic activities prevalent from the Pliocene to the recent time, which took place in the eastern Himalayas (Haller, 1980). The northern part of the study area was characterized by alluvial fan deposit which coalesces to form the piedmont zone. The area was traversed by a number of transverse faults and faults parallel to the Himalayan arc. The evidence of faulting could be found in the piedmont scarp which were at a high angle and cut across a number of rivers which had a linear shift in their course at those sections. Similarly availability of younger formation (Chalsa Formation) north of older formation (Matiali formation) also indicated presence of scarp face and tectonic activity where the southern block was uplifted. The major faults and / or lineaments are indicated in Figure 3-4.
Table 7 Morphostratigraphic Units of West Bengal (GSI unpublished report). The study area is influenced by tectonic activities prevalent from the Pliocene to the recent time, which took place in the eastern Himalayas (Haller, 1980). The northern part of the study area was characterized by alluvial fan deposit which coalesces to form the piedmont zone. The area was traversed by a number of transverse faults and faults parallel to the Himalayan arc. The evidence of faulting could be found in the piedmont scarp which were at a high angle and cut across a number of rivers which had a linear shift in their course at those sections. Similarly availability of younger formation (Chalsa Formation) north of older formation (Matiali formation) also indicated presence of scarp face and tectonic activity where the southern block was uplifted. The major faults and / or lineaments are indicated in Figure 3-4.
Reservoir Volume / Reservoir Capacity Estimation
Reservoir Volume / Reservoir Capacity Estimation
Figure 3-6 Methodology for terrain analysis and potential reservoir site location Figure 3-6 Methodology for terrain analysis and potential reservoir site location
Figure 3-6 Methodology for terrain analysis and potential reservoir site location Figure 3-6 Methodology for terrain analysis and potential reservoir site location
Figure 3-7 Flooded area of reservoir detected using topography and connectivity operator (Fazlur Rahman, 1994),
Figure 3-7 Flooded area of reservoir detected using topography and connectivity operator (Fazlur Rahman, 1994),
Reservoir depth was calculated by subtracting the elevation values contained in the DEM from the respective reservoir water level. The reservoir volume or capacity was then determined by integrating the reservoir depth value of each pixel over the total inundated area. Based on the output of the neighbourhood function the preferred dam locations are selected. The detailed methodology is shown in Figure 3-8.
Reservoir depth was calculated by subtracting the elevation values contained in the DEM from the respective reservoir water level. The reservoir volume or capacity was then determined by integrating the reservoir depth value of each pixel over the total inundated area. Based on the output of the neighbourhood function the preferred dam locations are selected. The detailed methodology is shown in Figure 3-8.
The final phase included finalisation of the initial theme maps required for terrain analysis with technical support from Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing Cell, Department of Science & Technology, Govt. of West Bengal, India. The initial data generated during the field work are indicated in Table 10. capacity estimation. The field work approach was also discussed. Phase - III
The final phase included finalisation of the initial theme maps required for terrain analysis with technical support from Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing Cell, Department of Science & Technology, Govt. of West Bengal, India. The initial data generated during the field work are indicated in Table 10. capacity estimation. The field work approach was also discussed. Phase - III
GEOINFORMATICS FOR INTER BASIN WATER TRANSFER ASSESSMENT
GEOINFORMATICS FOR INTER BASIN WATER TRANSFER ASSESSMENT
GEOINFORMATICS FOR INTER BASIN WATER TRANSFER ASSESSMENT
GEOINFORMATICS FOR INTER BASIN WATER TRANSFER ASSESSMENT
Figure 4-6 Areal extent of reservoir for different dam heights on R. Teesta superimposed on IRS P6 LISS III data.
Figure 4-6 Areal extent of reservoir for different dam heights on R. Teesta superimposed on IRS P6 LISS III data.
Figure 4-7 Reservoir storage capacity curve for different dam heights on R. Teesta as derived from digital elevation model.
Figure 4-7 Reservoir storage capacity curve for different dam heights on R. Teesta as derived from digital elevation model.
‘igure 4-8 Reservoir storage capacity curve for different dam heights or Jaldhaka tributary as derived from digital elevation model. Figure 4-8 Reservoir storage capacity curve for different dam heights on Jaldhaka tributary as derived from digital elevation model. Figure 4-9 Reservoir storage capacity curve for different dam heights on R. Murti as derived from digital elevation model.
‘igure 4-8 Reservoir storage capacity curve for different dam heights or Jaldhaka tributary as derived from digital elevation model. Figure 4-8 Reservoir storage capacity curve for different dam heights on Jaldhaka tributary as derived from digital elevation model. Figure 4-9 Reservoir storage capacity curve for different dam heights on R. Murti as derived from digital elevation model.
Table 11 Mean, median and standard deviation of rainfall data at four recording stations of the study area. Table 13 indicates volume of water available through runoff, the maximum storage
Table 11 Mean, median and standard deviation of rainfall data at four recording stations of the study area. Table 13 indicates volume of water available through runoff, the maximum storage
Table 12 Water availability in 1* Scenario.
Table 12 Water availability in 1* Scenario.
Total Reservoir Capacity in m
Total Reservoir Capacity in m
‘Table 13 Water availability in 2nd Soenario.
‘Table 13 Water availability in 2nd Soenario.
Table 15 Water availability from each reservoir in 2"' Scenario considering different transfer rates. Table 14 Water availability from each reservoir in 1* Scenario considering different transfer rates.
Table 15 Water availability from each reservoir in 2"' Scenario considering different transfer rates. Table 14 Water availability from each reservoir in 1* Scenario considering different transfer rates.
Total Reservoir Capacity in m3 Table 16 Water availability in 3“ Scenario. Total water requirement / day @ 50 mB
Total Reservoir Capacity in m3 Table 16 Water availability in 3“ Scenario. Total water requirement / day @ 50 mB
Table 17 Water availability from each reservoir in 3" Scenario considering different transfer rates.
Table 17 Water availability from each reservoir in 3" Scenario considering different transfer rates.
Figure 4-12 Estimated dimensions of the proposed link canal
Figure 4-12 Estimated dimensions of the proposed link canal
GEOINFORMATICS FOR INTER BASIN WATER TRANSFER ASSESSMENT
GEOINFORMATICS FOR INTER BASIN WATER TRANSFER ASSESSMENT
Figure 4-14 Estimated irrigated area if the water was used only for irrigation in 3 scenarios considering full capacity and subsequent reduction of reservoir capacity (10% , 20%, 30% and 40% ) due to siltation and 10 % loss due to evaporation and conveyance together. The first bar (solid black) indicates the irrigated area without considering any loss in all the 3 scenarios.
Figure 4-14 Estimated irrigated area if the water was used only for irrigation in 3 scenarios considering full capacity and subsequent reduction of reservoir capacity (10% , 20%, 30% and 40% ) due to siltation and 10 % loss due to evaporation and conveyance together. The first bar (solid black) indicates the irrigated area without considering any loss in all the 3 scenarios.
Figure 4-15 Estimated irrigated area in 3 scenarios considering reduction o' reservoir capacity (10% , 20% , 30% and 40% ) due to siltation and 10 % los: due to evaporation and conveyance together using 40% of the available water for the purpose of irrigation.
Figure 4-15 Estimated irrigated area in 3 scenarios considering reduction o' reservoir capacity (10% , 20% , 30% and 40% ) due to siltation and 10 % los: due to evaporation and conveyance together using 40% of the available water for the purpose of irrigation.
Figure 4-16 Estimated number of days the water will last for a rural population of 12.34 million with a consumption of 70 litres / day or an urban population of 6.4 million with a consumption of 135 litres/day in 3 scenarios considering reduction of reservoir capacity (10% , 20% , 30% and 40% ) due to siltation and 10 % loss due to evaporation and conveyance together.
Figure 4-16 Estimated number of days the water will last for a rural population of 12.34 million with a consumption of 70 litres / day or an urban population of 6.4 million with a consumption of 135 litres/day in 3 scenarios considering reduction of reservoir capacity (10% , 20% , 30% and 40% ) due to siltation and 10 % loss due to evaporation and conveyance together.
A2: Rainfall data from rain gauge station at Alipurduar town, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India (unnamed G overnment Report, 2000).
A2: Rainfall data from rain gauge station at Alipurduar town, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India (unnamed G overnment Report, 2000).
B2: Areal extent of reservoir for different dam heights on R. Murti superimposed on IRS P6 LISS III, Nov. 2005 data.
B2: Areal extent of reservoir for different dam heights on R. Murti superimposed on IRS P6 LISS III, Nov. 2005 data.
B4; Areal extent of reservoir for different dam heights on R. Kaljani superimposed on IRS P6 LISS III, Nov. 2005 data.
B4; Areal extent of reservoir for different dam heights on R. Kaljani superimposed on IRS P6 LISS III, Nov. 2005 data.
B3: Areal extent of reservoir for different dam heights on R. Torsa superimposed on IRS P6 LISS III, Nov. 2005 data.
B3: Areal extent of reservoir for different dam heights on R. Torsa superimposed on IRS P6 LISS III, Nov. 2005 data.
B6: Reservoir Storage Capacity Curve for different dam heights on tributary of R. Jaldhaka (upstream) as derived from Digital terrain model. B5: Areal extent of reservoir for different dam heights on tributary of R. Jaldhaka (upstream) superimposed on LANDSAT TM, Nov. 1991 data.
B6: Reservoir Storage Capacity Curve for different dam heights on tributary of R. Jaldhaka (upstream) as derived from Digital terrain model. B5: Areal extent of reservoir for different dam heights on tributary of R. Jaldhaka (upstream) superimposed on LANDSAT TM, Nov. 1991 data.
B7: Areal extent of reservoir for different dam heights on R. Torsa (upstream) superimposed on LANDSAT TM, Nov 1991 data.
B7: Areal extent of reservoir for different dam heights on R. Torsa (upstream) superimposed on LANDSAT TM, Nov 1991 data.
B9: Areal extent of reservoir for different dam heights on R. Raidak superimposed on IRS P6 LISS III, Nov 2005 data.
B9: Areal extent of reservoir for different dam heights on R. Raidak superimposed on IRS P6 LISS III, Nov 2005 data.
B11: Areal extent of reservoir for different dam heights on R. Sankosh superimposed on LANDSAT TM, Nov 1991 data.
B11: Areal extent of reservoir for different dam heights on R. Sankosh superimposed on LANDSAT TM, Nov 1991 data.
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