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Figure 2. The monitoring system

Figure 2 The monitoring system

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Figure 1. Levels of our monitoring system Gathering the data from the transformer environment requires having different sensing units that will allow us to trigger the surrounding conditions of these power grid components. All the collected data will be processed by the programmable microcontroller that will send it via Wi-Fi to a cloud environment where it will be displayed and visualized. Therefore, our system can be divided into three main levels, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Levels of our monitoring system Gathering the data from the transformer environment requires having different sensing units that will allow us to trigger the surrounding conditions of these power grid components. All the collected data will be processed by the programmable microcontroller that will send it via Wi-Fi to a cloud environment where it will be displayed and visualized. Therefore, our system can be divided into three main levels, as shown in Figure 1.
4.1.2. Software ThingSpeak, an open-source program for internet-enabled device connections, was chosen as our loud environment for free data presentation [19]. We made a private channel on ThingSpeak and then lecided how many fields we wanted on it. As seen in Figure 3, we also labeled each field after the parameter ve wanted to display on it. Table 1 shows the hardware components used to build the system and how much each one costs, while Figure 2 shows how the components are linked together to form the system. The main component which is the ESP32 card costs only 10 dollars. The system as a whole cost less than 23 dollars in total.
4.1.2. Software ThingSpeak, an open-source program for internet-enabled device connections, was chosen as our loud environment for free data presentation [19]. We made a private channel on ThingSpeak and then lecided how many fields we wanted on it. As seen in Figure 3, we also labeled each field after the parameter ve wanted to display on it. Table 1 shows the hardware components used to build the system and how much each one costs, while Figure 2 shows how the components are linked together to form the system. The main component which is the ESP32 card costs only 10 dollars. The system as a whole cost less than 23 dollars in total.
Figure 4. The global view of the testing environment Transformers are typically housed in oil tanks, big drums, or pipelines. If a transformer is put in a tank, the tank must be completely sealed to avoid oil spillage in the event of a leak. The tank is often filled with a cooling substance, such as oil. The cooling agent is used to disperse the heat generated by the transformer when it is in operation. Therefore, to test the system, we used a small transformer (input voltage: 220 V and output voltage: 12/24 V) and an alimentation bloc that can create 220 V. We put the transformer in a 20-centimeter-high container filled with mineral oil (oil density=0.84 g/cm*) to simulate the environment of a genuine power grid transformer, as illustrated in Figure 4. Low-cost real-time internet of things-based monitoring system for power grid transformers (Kaoutar Talbi)
Figure 4. The global view of the testing environment Transformers are typically housed in oil tanks, big drums, or pipelines. If a transformer is put in a tank, the tank must be completely sealed to avoid oil spillage in the event of a leak. The tank is often filled with a cooling substance, such as oil. The cooling agent is used to disperse the heat generated by the transformer when it is in operation. Therefore, to test the system, we used a small transformer (input voltage: 220 V and output voltage: 12/24 V) and an alimentation bloc that can create 220 V. We put the transformer in a 20-centimeter-high container filled with mineral oil (oil density=0.84 g/cm*) to simulate the environment of a genuine power grid transformer, as illustrated in Figure 4. Low-cost real-time internet of things-based monitoring system for power grid transformers (Kaoutar Talbi)
Figure 3. Names of channel fields
Figure 3. Names of channel fields
Figure 5. Voltage divider implementation The reason behind excluding current visualization is that its value depends directly on the voltage value, which means that observing voltage changes is enough to know how the current at the level of the transformer secondary is changing as well. Here is the equation that represents current values based on voltage value (Ohm’s law). 5.2.3. Oil level and pressure sensing
Figure 5. Voltage divider implementation The reason behind excluding current visualization is that its value depends directly on the voltage value, which means that observing voltage changes is enough to know how the current at the level of the transformer secondary is changing as well. Here is the equation that represents current values based on voltage value (Ohm’s law). 5.2.3. Oil level and pressure sensing
Figure 7. Humidity visualization on ThingSpeak Figure 6. Temperature visualization on ThingSpeak As we switched on the cooling system, the humidity rose from 53.5% at 16:42 to above 56.5% at 16:52. Which can be seen in Figure 7. When the system turned on, the atmospheric relative humidity (RH) increased by 3%. This indicates that there was an increase in the moisture level in the air and that our syster is able to detect and record humidity changes.
Figure 7. Humidity visualization on ThingSpeak Figure 6. Temperature visualization on ThingSpeak As we switched on the cooling system, the humidity rose from 53.5% at 16:42 to above 56.5% at 16:52. Which can be seen in Figure 7. When the system turned on, the atmospheric relative humidity (RH) increased by 3%. This indicates that there was an increase in the moisture level in the air and that our syster is able to detect and record humidity changes.
Figure 9. Voltage visualization on ThingSpeak Figure 8. Oil level visualization on ThingSpeak Using an adjustable alimentation block, we altered the voltage in the transformer's primary anc obtained a Vsecondary that increases when we raise the voltage in the primary and decreases when we lowe: the voltage in the primary. The values we obtained were adequate with the changes in alimentation voltage Figure 9 shows the changing values of voltage in decivolts.
Figure 9. Voltage visualization on ThingSpeak Figure 8. Oil level visualization on ThingSpeak Using an adjustable alimentation block, we altered the voltage in the transformer's primary anc obtained a Vsecondary that increases when we raise the voltage in the primary and decreases when we lowe: the voltage in the primary. The values we obtained were adequate with the changes in alimentation voltage Figure 9 shows the changing values of voltage in decivolts.
Figure 11. Pressure visualization on ThingSpeak Figure 10. Vibration visualization on ThingSpeak The pressure imparted to a solid body covered by a liquid is determined by the density and level o the liquid. We altered the oil level many times, resulting in variable pressure readings presented on the pressure chart based on how much we varied the oil level. The system gathers pressure measurements in rea time, as shown in Figure 11, indicating that the system is working as planned.
Figure 11. Pressure visualization on ThingSpeak Figure 10. Vibration visualization on ThingSpeak The pressure imparted to a solid body covered by a liquid is determined by the density and level o the liquid. We altered the oil level many times, resulting in variable pressure readings presented on the pressure chart based on how much we varied the oil level. The system gathers pressure measurements in rea time, as shown in Figure 11, indicating that the system is working as planned.
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