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Example markers of the three event relations

Table 2 Example markers of the three event relations

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School of Liberal Arts, Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand
School of Liberal Arts, Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand
Figure 1 Proportion of three types of address terms used in King Rama |X’s speeches The overall picture of proportion of the three types of address terms is illustrated in Figure 1. Note that the frequency of each category might imply how the king viewed the importance of the three parties. The analysis of frequency of occurrence of three types of address terms in King Rama IX’s speeches, as in Figure 1, indicated that the King referred to Himself the least but focused more on the listeners and other parties. It is obvious that addressees were mentioned the most (57.57%) because they were the direct audience present and were mostly government officers mainly responsible for a variety of projects related to the development, peace and prosperity of the country. Accordingly, this would, at the same time, be the occasion for the king to indirectly deploy his ideas and clarify example projects under his patronage which could be useful for the government and the people. Qualitatively, the address terms used demonstrated that the king had lowered his status while raised others’. This made the audiences feel that although the king was placed on the top of Thai society’s hierarchy, but he was still approachable, not only from his speech but also from his dedication to the country.
Figure 1 Proportion of three types of address terms used in King Rama |X’s speeches The overall picture of proportion of the three types of address terms is illustrated in Figure 1. Note that the frequency of each category might imply how the king viewed the importance of the three parties. The analysis of frequency of occurrence of three types of address terms in King Rama IX’s speeches, as in Figure 1, indicated that the King referred to Himself the least but focused more on the listeners and other parties. It is obvious that addressees were mentioned the most (57.57%) because they were the direct audience present and were mostly government officers mainly responsible for a variety of projects related to the development, peace and prosperity of the country. Accordingly, this would, at the same time, be the occasion for the king to indirectly deploy his ideas and clarify example projects under his patronage which could be useful for the government and the people. Qualitatively, the address terms used demonstrated that the king had lowered his status while raised others’. This made the audiences feel that although the king was placed on the top of Thai society’s hierarchy, but he was still approachable, not only from his speech but also from his dedication to the country.
Figure 2 Proportions of clauses with and without hedging markers Quantitatively, the number of clauses with hedging markers is not significant compared t those with obligatory markers, as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 illustrates interesting results. That is, hedging is said to be one of the most popular linguistic devices for powerful speeches because it helps reduce strong and tough sense of a message. Nevertheless, the speeches of the king tended to employ the non-hedging strategy much more frequently than the hedging one. Considering the contents of clauses with [-hedging] markers, it might be argued that [-hedging] markers were usually used with clauses involving current problems and possible solutions that required immediate responses from respective governmental departments. It should be noted that viewing from a fixed length of 1,000- word texts, it was found that hedging markers appeared as frequent as 4.03 times.
Figure 2 Proportions of clauses with and without hedging markers Quantitatively, the number of clauses with hedging markers is not significant compared t those with obligatory markers, as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 illustrates interesting results. That is, hedging is said to be one of the most popular linguistic devices for powerful speeches because it helps reduce strong and tough sense of a message. Nevertheless, the speeches of the king tended to employ the non-hedging strategy much more frequently than the hedging one. Considering the contents of clauses with [-hedging] markers, it might be argued that [-hedging] markers were usually used with clauses involving current problems and possible solutions that required immediate responses from respective governmental departments. It should be noted that viewing from a fixed length of 1,000- word texts, it was found that hedging markers appeared as frequent as 4.03 times.
From Figure 3, it might be primarily interpreted that King Rama IX employed two strategies in His speeches: defining concepts/ideas and identifying event relations. Although, providing examples—using example introducing markers, were not frequently selected, this did not mean that the king’s speeches lacked examples. Instead, HM used narratives or storytelling as a means to provide examples and to clarify particular cases. Moreover, from the ratio of these markers per 1,000-word speech, among the three major attributes, [PERSUASIVENESS] could be mostly found. There were as many as 39.82 tokens of linguistic devices under the [PERSUASIVENESS] attribute in every two-page text (as shown in Table 6). It could be concluded that persuasiveness played the most important role in HM’s speech because these linguistic devices would finally make His audiences understand, believe and willing to implement His ideas and advice.
From Figure 3, it might be primarily interpreted that King Rama IX employed two strategies in His speeches: defining concepts/ideas and identifying event relations. Although, providing examples—using example introducing markers, were not frequently selected, this did not mean that the king’s speeches lacked examples. Instead, HM used narratives or storytelling as a means to provide examples and to clarify particular cases. Moreover, from the ratio of these markers per 1,000-word speech, among the three major attributes, [PERSUASIVENESS] could be mostly found. There were as many as 39.82 tokens of linguistic devices under the [PERSUASIVENESS] attribute in every two-page text (as shown in Table 6). It could be concluded that persuasiveness played the most important role in HM’s speech because these linguistic devices would finally make His audiences understand, believe and willing to implement His ideas and advice.
With a total of 1,893 tokens of event relation markers, converting into proportion per 1,000-word text, it was found that King Rama IX related events in different fashions as frequent as 18.73 times (see Table 6). Event relation markers were said to be the second most significant linguistic devices that the king employed in order to persuade his audiences and clarify his ideas together with supporting examples. Frequency and percentage of even relation markers Table 4
With a total of 1,893 tokens of event relation markers, converting into proportion per 1,000-word text, it was found that King Rama IX related events in different fashions as frequent as 18.73 times (see Table 6). Event relation markers were said to be the second most significant linguistic devices that the king employed in order to persuade his audiences and clarify his ideas together with supporting examples. Frequency and percentage of even relation markers Table 4
Frequency and percentage of word choices reflecting [METHOD] Table 5 In addition, from ratio per 1,000-word speech in Table 6, it was found that the king provided ‘how to’ through the use of words in these three subcategories for 9.43 times. Compared to those in the ‘goal’ concepts, which was only 1.48 times, it could be said that he focused more on the process rather than the output. However, it did not mean that the goal was not important. Having a clear goal is a necessary key success factor. However, without practicing or doing, one cannot reach or achieve the set goal. When it comes to reality, sometimes fulfilling a process seems to be much more difficult than planning of a goal. Accordingly, finding ways to motivate people to move toward the goal might be the most important task for a leader.
Frequency and percentage of word choices reflecting [METHOD] Table 5 In addition, from ratio per 1,000-word speech in Table 6, it was found that the king provided ‘how to’ through the use of words in these three subcategories for 9.43 times. Compared to those in the ‘goal’ concepts, which was only 1.48 times, it could be said that he focused more on the process rather than the output. However, it did not mean that the goal was not important. Having a clear goal is a necessary key success factor. However, without practicing or doing, one cannot reach or achieve the set goal. When it comes to reality, sometimes fulfilling a process seems to be much more difficult than planning of a goal. Accordingly, finding ways to motivate people to move toward the goal might be the most important task for a leader.
audience ‘how to’ do or proceed projects to solve problems and make the people happy and prosperous. Figure 4 Proportion of word choices indicating [SOLIDARITY]
audience ‘how to’ do or proceed projects to solve problems and make the people happy and prosperous. Figure 4 Proportion of word choices indicating [SOLIDARITY]
Frequency of occurrences of linguistic devices per 1,000-word speech n total, from Table 6, it is quite obvious that the king employed linguistic devices encouragin PERSUASIVENESS] the most—39.82 times/1,000 words. This might indicate that HM put significant emphasis on how to make His message reliable. With the three strategies—definin oncepts, providing examples and identifying event relations—King Rama IX gained respec ind acceptance both in Thailand and in the international arena. As the head of the state, hi speeches were full of words crafting solidarity—21.89 times/1,000 words. Lastly, it should b eminded that arrogant personality might not be beneficial for a leader. Language use can hel xpress humbleness especially the use of address terms and hedging. With slightly lowe roportion—17.37 times/1,000 words—the king naturally expressed ‘humbleness’ throug lis speeches. Therefore, these linguistic devices were employed to shape up three meaningft ittributes beneficial for the role of King Rama IX. Table 6
Frequency of occurrences of linguistic devices per 1,000-word speech n total, from Table 6, it is quite obvious that the king employed linguistic devices encouragin PERSUASIVENESS] the most—39.82 times/1,000 words. This might indicate that HM put significant emphasis on how to make His message reliable. With the three strategies—definin oncepts, providing examples and identifying event relations—King Rama IX gained respec ind acceptance both in Thailand and in the international arena. As the head of the state, hi speeches were full of words crafting solidarity—21.89 times/1,000 words. Lastly, it should b eminded that arrogant personality might not be beneficial for a leader. Language use can hel xpress humbleness especially the use of address terms and hedging. With slightly lowe roportion—17.37 times/1,000 words—the king naturally expressed ‘humbleness’ throug lis speeches. Therefore, these linguistic devices were employed to shape up three meaningft ittributes beneficial for the role of King Rama IX. Table 6
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