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Non-consumptive wildlife utilization fees in Wildlife Management Area As shown in Figure 2, Enduimet CBO is supposed to get 65% of the total income paid by safari companies to the WD, while 20% remains with the WD and 15% goes to Longido District Council. The WD in Arusha did not want to disclose to us how much they have received from the tourist companies in Enduimet. Instead, they only provided data on how much they have transferred to Enduimet CBO from photographic tourism. Safari companies started paying the WD office in Arusha from the second half of 2009 in response to the Non- Consumptive Tourism Regulations of 2007. In 2010, the yearly payment from the WD office in Arusha to Enduimet CBO was to the amount of 45,941 USD (Table 4). Based on what Kambi ya Tembo and Shu’mata Camp paid to WD office in Arusha in 2010 (76,375 and 15,555 USD respectively, see Table 2), the

Figure 2 Non-consumptive wildlife utilization fees in Wildlife Management Area As shown in Figure 2, Enduimet CBO is supposed to get 65% of the total income paid by safari companies to the WD, while 20% remains with the WD and 15% goes to Longido District Council. The WD in Arusha did not want to disclose to us how much they have received from the tourist companies in Enduimet. Instead, they only provided data on how much they have transferred to Enduimet CBO from photographic tourism. Safari companies started paying the WD office in Arusha from the second half of 2009 in response to the Non- Consumptive Tourism Regulations of 2007. In 2010, the yearly payment from the WD office in Arusha to Enduimet CBO was to the amount of 45,941 USD (Table 4). Based on what Kambi ya Tembo and Shu’mata Camp paid to WD office in Arusha in 2010 (76,375 and 15,555 USD respectively, see Table 2), the

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Figure 2: Terrestrial natural resources management in Tanzania (Source: URT, nd.) Tourism, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Terrestrial natural resources management in Tanzania (Source: URT, nd.) Tourism, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 3: Map showing the study area in West Kilimanjaro, Tanzania 5.1.2 Kilimanjaro National Park and West Kilimanjaro Forest Plantation
Figure 3: Map showing the study area in West Kilimanjaro, Tanzania 5.1.2 Kilimanjaro National Park and West Kilimanjaro Forest Plantation
Figure 1: A map locating the study villages in West Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Figure 1: A map locating the study villages in West Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Some villagers worked together with Kambi ya Tembo to block Northern Hunting Enterprises from the northern part of the village land, because they claimed the company was not beneficial to them. Thus they drafted several letters to higher wildlife authorities (Honey 2008). But Northern Hunting Enterprises had a legal permit to hunt in the whole area. Furthermore, according to tourist hunting regulations of 2000, tourism activities in a hunting block is not allowed without permission from the Director of Wildlife (URT 2000). On the other hand, the village had a land title deed according to the Village Land Act No.5 of 1999. The case was tried in court. Kambi ya Tembo was accused of carrying out tourism business illegally in the hunting block, and Northern Hunting Enterprises won. In 2005 Kambi ya Tembo therefore had to leave Sinya and moved to the neighbouring village of Elerai. From 2005 to 2008 Kambi ya Tembo paid Elerai village for staying in their village and Sinya village for game drives on their land (see Table 1).
Some villagers worked together with Kambi ya Tembo to block Northern Hunting Enterprises from the northern part of the village land, because they claimed the company was not beneficial to them. Thus they drafted several letters to higher wildlife authorities (Honey 2008). But Northern Hunting Enterprises had a legal permit to hunt in the whole area. Furthermore, according to tourist hunting regulations of 2000, tourism activities in a hunting block is not allowed without permission from the Director of Wildlife (URT 2000). On the other hand, the village had a land title deed according to the Village Land Act No.5 of 1999. The case was tried in court. Kambi ya Tembo was accused of carrying out tourism business illegally in the hunting block, and Northern Hunting Enterprises won. In 2005 Kambi ya Tembo therefore had to leave Sinya and moved to the neighbouring village of Elerai. From 2005 to 2008 Kambi ya Tembo paid Elerai village for staying in their village and Sinya village for game drives on their land (see Table 1).
Sources: Interviews at Shu’mata in May 2012 and Tanganyika Wilderness Camps office in April 2012. *Income for ten months only. Table2 Payments from Shu’mata Camp and Kambi ya Tembo to the Wildlife Division in 2010 and 2011
Sources: Interviews at Shu’mata in May 2012 and Tanganyika Wilderness Camps office in April 2012. *Income for ten months only. Table2 Payments from Shu’mata Camp and Kambi ya Tembo to the Wildlife Division in 2010 and 2011
Income to Enduimet WMA from photographic safaris
Income to Enduimet WMA from photographic safaris
(Source: Field data) *The income supported game scouts salaries for six months, meetings and office equipment. In 2011, it seems the income almost doubled compared to 2010. According to information from the administrator of Enduimet CBO, the reasons were that the less frequent companies paid almost half of the total revenue. For instance as it was stated earlier, the CBO received about 7,500 USD from Makoa Farm Horseback Riding Safaris through the WD. From the income the WMA received, the distribution at CBO level is supposed to be as follows: 15% is reinvested in conservation, 50% is divided between the member villages, 25% go to the management of the CBO and 10% is allocated where the CBO deems it needed (URT 2005: 32). The 10% of the Enduimet CBO share is allocated to support secondary school student fees of the children whose parents cannot manage to pay. The fund allocation seems to be done in a fair way with equal chances for all member villages.
(Source: Field data) *The income supported game scouts salaries for six months, meetings and office equipment. In 2011, it seems the income almost doubled compared to 2010. According to information from the administrator of Enduimet CBO, the reasons were that the less frequent companies paid almost half of the total revenue. For instance as it was stated earlier, the CBO received about 7,500 USD from Makoa Farm Horseback Riding Safaris through the WD. From the income the WMA received, the distribution at CBO level is supposed to be as follows: 15% is reinvested in conservation, 50% is divided between the member villages, 25% go to the management of the CBO and 10% is allocated where the CBO deems it needed (URT 2005: 32). The 10% of the Enduimet CBO share is allocated to support secondary school student fees of the children whose parents cannot manage to pay. The fund allocation seems to be done in a fair way with equal chances for all member villages.
Source: Field data, Note: on average a village has some 700 households. lost out. Sinya village for example, through an individual tourism venture with Kambi ya Tembo, used to earn more than 30,000 USD per year. But currently the village receives about 1/12 of what they used to earn.
Source: Field data, Note: on average a village has some 700 households. lost out. Sinya village for example, through an individual tourism venture with Kambi ya Tembo, used to earn more than 30,000 USD per year. But currently the village receives about 1/12 of what they used to earn.
Figure |. Overview map showing study villages, Kilimanjaro National Park, and the West Kilimanjaro Forest Plantation.
Figure |. Overview map showing study villages, Kilimanjaro National Park, and the West Kilimanjaro Forest Plantation.
Note. KNP = Kilimanjaro National Park; WWKFP = West Kilimanjaro Forest Plantation; TANAPA = Tanzania National Park Authority; TFSA = Tanzania Forest Services Agency; FBD = Forest and Beekeeping Division. Table |. Summary of the park and the forest plantation’s participatory approaches.
Note. KNP = Kilimanjaro National Park; WWKFP = West Kilimanjaro Forest Plantation; TANAPA = Tanzania National Park Authority; TFSA = Tanzania Forest Services Agency; FBD = Forest and Beekeeping Division. Table |. Summary of the park and the forest plantation’s participatory approaches.
Fig. 1. Map locating Engare Nairobi and neighbouring villages, the two divisions of Siha Magharibi and Enduimet, and conservation areas and ranches.
Fig. 1. Map locating Engare Nairobi and neighbouring villages, the two divisions of Siha Magharibi and Enduimet, and conservation areas and ranches.
Powerful actor groups: National governmental conservation bodies, foreign conservationists and their Tanzanian branches, tourist industry, aid donors
Powerful actor groups: National governmental conservation bodies, foreign conservationists and their Tanzanian branches, tourist industry, aid donors
Fig. 3. Rainfall Fluctuations in West Kilimanjaro. Note: Years lacking rainfall data for more than five months are not included.
Fig. 3. Rainfall Fluctuations in West Kilimanjaro. Note: Years lacking rainfall data for more than five months are not included.
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