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Figure 13 - Setup for the testing of electrical cables to simulate fire exposure.

Figure 13 - Setup for the testing of electrical cables to simulate fire exposure.

Related Figures (312)

Figure 1 - Glowing electrical connection on a residential receptacle [Photo courtesy of James Novak — used with permission].
Figure 1 - Glowing electrical connection on a residential receptacle [Photo courtesy of James Novak — used with permission].
Figure 2 - Insulation failure due to current overload. overload itself. Figure 2 illustrates the effects of a current overload on an electrical cable
Figure 2 - Insulation failure due to current overload. overload itself. Figure 2 illustrates the effects of a current overload on an electrical cable
Figure 3 - Arcing from a 120 VAC Circuit. on an electrical cable as it experienced thermal degradation.
Figure 3 - Arcing from a 120 VAC Circuit. on an electrical cable as it experienced thermal degradation.
Figure 5 - Nonmetallic (NM) sheathed cable configuration.
Figure 5 - Nonmetallic (NM) sheathed cable configuration.
Table 2 - Typical Formulations for NM Sheathing and Cable Insulation [40]. insulation, as identified by Grossman [40]:
Table 2 - Typical Formulations for NM Sheathing and Cable Insulation [40]. insulation, as identified by Grossman [40]:
Figure 6 - The cable used for testing, as purchased from a local home improvement store. construction. A new roll of cable is shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6 - The cable used for testing, as purchased from a local home improvement store. construction. A new roll of cable is shown in Figure 6.
the surface of the bolt.
the surface of the bolt.
Figure 8 — The test configuration used in the oven tests to determine the temperature dependence of the PVC wire insulation. to cause a failure of the cable by itself.
Figure 8 — The test configuration used in the oven tests to determine the temperature dependence of the PVC wire insulation. to cause a failure of the cable by itself.
Figure 9 - The resistance of the wire insulation was found to be inversely dependent to the fluctuations in temperature.
Figure 9 - The resistance of the wire insulation was found to be inversely dependent to the fluctuations in temperature.
Figure 10 - Connections used to measure the resistance during the tests of unenergized cables. heat flux transducer.
Figure 10 - Connections used to measure the resistance during the tests of unenergized cables. heat flux transducer.
Figure 11 - End view of the holder assembly showing where a new cable was inserted for each test. known as the “load side.” The final test setup is shown in Figure 13.
Figure 11 - End view of the holder assembly showing where a new cable was inserted for each test. known as the “load side.” The final test setup is shown in Figure 13.
Figure 12 - The final device used to hold and shield the cable during testing.
Figure 12 - The final device used to hold and shield the cable during testing.
Table 3 - Time-to-failure of unenergized cables under various heat fluxes.
Table 3 - Time-to-failure of unenergized cables under various heat fluxes.
Figure 14 - At 26 kW/m’ the resistance of the wire insulation is seen to drop to approximately 30,000 ohms.
Figure 14 - At 26 kW/m’ the resistance of the wire insulation is seen to drop to approximately 30,000 ohms.
Figure 15 - 'C' shape formed by the swelling insulation as it charred.
Figure 15 - 'C' shape formed by the swelling insulation as it charred.
Table 4 - Time-to-failure of cables in an ambient environment as it relates to heat flux.
Table 4 - Time-to-failure of cables in an ambient environment as it relates to heat flux.
Figure 16 - Waveforms produced during test 2-6. A total of four cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown. 18 below, with the remainder of the waveforms located in the appendix.
Figure 16 - Waveforms produced during test 2-6. A total of four cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown. 18 below, with the remainder of the waveforms located in the appendix.
Figure 18 - Waveforms produced during test 2-51. A total of four cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 18 - Waveforms produced during test 2-51. A total of four cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 19 - Arc 2-7 from the tests of energized cables in an ambient environment (16x magnification). with a select few shown below.
Figure 19 - Arc 2-7 from the tests of energized cables in an ambient environment (16x magnification). with a select few shown below.
Figure 21 - Arc 2-57 from the tests of energized cables in an ambient environment (16x magnification).
Figure 21 - Arc 2-57 from the tests of energized cables in an ambient environment (16x magnification).
Figure 22 - Arc 2-48 from the tests of energized cables in an ambient environment (27x magnification). with a normal microscope photograph, HDR photograph, and SEM photograph of each
Figure 22 - Arc 2-48 from the tests of energized cables in an ambient environment (27x magnification). with a normal microscope photograph, HDR photograph, and SEM photograph of each
Figure 24 - Arc 2-7 from the tests of energized cables in an ambient environment (27x magnification).
Figure 24 - Arc 2-7 from the tests of energized cables in an ambient environment (27x magnification).
Table 5 - Time-to-failure of energized cables in nitrogen and ambient environments. Photographs were taken under a microscope to better observe the arcing damage
Table 5 - Time-to-failure of energized cables in nitrogen and ambient environments. Photographs were taken under a microscope to better observe the arcing damage
Figure 26 - Arc 3-6 from the tests of energized cables in a nitrogen environment (16x magnification). when compared with those formed in an ambient environment.
Figure 26 - Arc 3-6 from the tests of energized cables in a nitrogen environment (16x magnification). when compared with those formed in an ambient environment.
Figure 28 - Arc 3-3 from the tests of energized cables in a nitrogen environment (16x magnification).
Figure 28 - Arc 3-3 from the tests of energized cables in a nitrogen environment (16x magnification).
Figure 30 - Arc 3-1 from the tests of energized cables in a nitrogen environment (27x magnification). HDR photograph, and SEM photograph of each arc presented for clarity. photograph. The results of these actions are shown below, with a microscope photograph,
Figure 30 - Arc 3-1 from the tests of energized cables in a nitrogen environment (27x magnification). HDR photograph, and SEM photograph of each arc presented for clarity. photograph. The results of these actions are shown below, with a microscope photograph,
Figure 33 - Arc 3-6 from the tests of energized cables in a nitrogen environment (33x magnification).
Figure 33 - Arc 3-6 from the tests of energized cables in a nitrogen environment (33x magnification).
Table 6 - Time-to-failure of energized cables under varying voltages.
Table 6 - Time-to-failure of energized cables under varying voltages.
conducted to fully understand this behavior
conducted to fully understand this behavior
Figure 35 - Arc 60-2 of the variable voltage experiments. One square equals 2.5 cm (1 inch).
Figure 35 - Arc 60-2 of the variable voltage experiments. One square equals 2.5 cm (1 inch).
Figure 36 — Analysis of the reciprocal time-to-failure of energized cables. Using the data from the tests of energized cables, an estimate of reciprocal time-to-
Figure 36 — Analysis of the reciprocal time-to-failure of energized cables. Using the data from the tests of energized cables, an estimate of reciprocal time-to-
procedure for future studies.
procedure for future studies.
Figure 38 - Comparison of the 30k ohm unenergized test data to the linear data of produced from the tests of energized cables.
Figure 38 - Comparison of the 30k ohm unenergized test data to the linear data of produced from the tests of energized cables.
Figure 39 - Comparison of the 20k ohm unenergized test data to the linear data of produced from the tests of energized cables.
Figure 39 - Comparison of the 20k ohm unenergized test data to the linear data of produced from the tests of energized cables.
understand this.
understand this.
Figure 41 - The frequency of the overall failure of NM cable.
Figure 41 - The frequency of the overall failure of NM cable.
Figure 42 — Voltage and current waveforms produced by a cloth/rubber-insulated NM cable. the arc on the cable.
Figure 42 — Voltage and current waveforms produced by a cloth/rubber-insulated NM cable. the arc on the cable.
Figure 43 - Current produced in test 2-7 (49 kW/m’).
Figure 43 - Current produced in test 2-7 (49 kW/m’).
Figure 44 - Current produced in test 2-34 (40 kW/m’).
Figure 44 - Current produced in test 2-34 (40 kW/m’).
Figure 45 - The reciprocal time-to-failure of an energized cable as it relates to the applied voltage. The heat flux was kept constant at 50 kW/m‘2 for all tests.
Figure 45 - The reciprocal time-to-failure of an energized cable as it relates to the applied voltage. The heat flux was kept constant at 50 kW/m‘2 for all tests.
The first equation (J Equation 5) is the energy conservation statement and | Equation
The first equation (J Equation 5) is the energy conservation statement and | Equation
Figure 47 — Comparison of the Thermakin reciprocal time-to-failure and the linear regression data from the tests of energized cables. was 384°C, far exceeding these temperatures.
Figure 47 — Comparison of the Thermakin reciprocal time-to-failure and the linear regression data from the tests of energized cables. was 384°C, far exceeding these temperatures.
Table 7 - Time-to-failure during simulated "fire" conditions. Of special interest in this analysis are the times at which the earliest possible
Table 7 - Time-to-failure during simulated "fire" conditions. Of special interest in this analysis are the times at which the earliest possible
Figure 48 - Types of arcing damage observed on cable wires.
Figure 48 - Types of arcing damage observed on cable wires.
Figure 49 - Portion of the voltage sine wave where the arc was initiated. the waveform at which the arc occurs.
Figure 49 - Portion of the voltage sine wave where the arc was initiated. the waveform at which the arc occurs.
seen in the graphs of the waveforms located in the appendix. Cable Structure and Formula Variations
seen in the graphs of the waveforms located in the appendix. Cable Structure and Formula Variations
energized tests (performed using Cable 1), as seen in Figure51.
energized tests (performed using Cable 1), as seen in Figure51.
Figure 52 - Comparison of TGA data for two PVC samples. provide any explanation as to the differences in the time-to-failure.
Figure 52 - Comparison of TGA data for two PVC samples. provide any explanation as to the differences in the time-to-failure.
Figure 56 - Arc 2-4 (16x magnification) 7.1 Arcing Artifacts — Energized Cables in an Ambient Environment
Figure 56 - Arc 2-4 (16x magnification) 7.1 Arcing Artifacts — Energized Cables in an Ambient Environment
Figure 57 - Arc 2-5 (16x magnification)
Figure 57 - Arc 2-5 (16x magnification)
Figure 58 - Arc 2-6 (16x magnification)
Figure 58 - Arc 2-6 (16x magnification)
Figure 59 - Arc 2-7 (16x magnification)
Figure 59 - Arc 2-7 (16x magnification)
Figure 60 - Arc 2-8 (16x magnification)
Figure 60 - Arc 2-8 (16x magnification)
Figure 61 - Arc 2-9 (16x magnification)
Figure 61 - Arc 2-9 (16x magnification)
Figure 62 - Arc 2-11 (16x magnification)
Figure 62 - Arc 2-11 (16x magnification)
Figure 63 - Arc 2-12 (16x magnification)
Figure 63 - Arc 2-12 (16x magnification)
Figure 64 - Arc 2-13 (16x magnification)
Figure 64 - Arc 2-13 (16x magnification)
Figure 65 - Arc 2-14 (16x magnification)
Figure 65 - Arc 2-14 (16x magnification)
Figure 66 - Arc 2-15 (16x magnification)
Figure 66 - Arc 2-15 (16x magnification)
Figure 67 - Arc 2-16 (16x magnification)
Figure 67 - Arc 2-16 (16x magnification)
Figure 68 - Arc 2-17 (16x magnification)
Figure 68 - Arc 2-17 (16x magnification)
Figure 69 - Arc 2-18 (16x magnification)
Figure 69 - Arc 2-18 (16x magnification)
Figure 70 - Arc 2-20 (16x magnification)
Figure 70 - Arc 2-20 (16x magnification)
Figure 71 - Arc 2-21 (16x magnification)
Figure 71 - Arc 2-21 (16x magnification)
Figure 72 - Arc 2-23 (16x magnification)
Figure 72 - Arc 2-23 (16x magnification)
Figure 73 - Arc 2-26 (16x magnification)
Figure 73 - Arc 2-26 (16x magnification)
Figure 74 - Arc 2-27 (16x magnification)
Figure 74 - Arc 2-27 (16x magnification)
Figure 75 - Arc 2-28 (16x magnification)
Figure 75 - Arc 2-28 (16x magnification)
Figure 76 - Arc 2-29 (16x magnification)
Figure 76 - Arc 2-29 (16x magnification)
Figure 77 - Arc 2-30 (16x magnification)
Figure 77 - Arc 2-30 (16x magnification)
Figure 78 - Arc 2-34 (16x magnification)
Figure 78 - Arc 2-34 (16x magnification)
Figure 79 - Arc 2-35 (16x magnification)
Figure 79 - Arc 2-35 (16x magnification)
Figure 80 - Arc 2-36 (16x magnification)
Figure 80 - Arc 2-36 (16x magnification)
Figure 81 - Arc 2-37 (16x magnification)
Figure 81 - Arc 2-37 (16x magnification)
Figure 82 - Arc 2-38 (16x magnification)
Figure 82 - Arc 2-38 (16x magnification)
Figure 83 - Arc 2-39 (16x magnification)
Figure 83 - Arc 2-39 (16x magnification)
Figure 84 - Arc 2-40 (16x magnification)
Figure 84 - Arc 2-40 (16x magnification)
Figure 85 - Arc 2-42 (16x magnification)
Figure 85 - Arc 2-42 (16x magnification)
Figure 86 - Arc 2-43 (16x magnification)
Figure 86 - Arc 2-43 (16x magnification)
Figure 87 - Arc 2-44 (16x magnification)
Figure 87 - Arc 2-44 (16x magnification)
Figure 88 - Arc 2-45 (16x magnification)
Figure 88 - Arc 2-45 (16x magnification)
Figure 89 - Arc 2-46 (16x magnification)
Figure 89 - Arc 2-46 (16x magnification)
Figure 90 - Arc 2-47 (16x magnification)
Figure 90 - Arc 2-47 (16x magnification)
Figure 91 - Arc 2-48 (16x magnification)
Figure 91 - Arc 2-48 (16x magnification)
Figure 92 - Arc 2-49 (16x magnification)
Figure 92 - Arc 2-49 (16x magnification)
Figure 93 - Arc 2-50 (16x magnification)
Figure 93 - Arc 2-50 (16x magnification)
Figure 94 - Arc 2-51 (16x magnification)
Figure 94 - Arc 2-51 (16x magnification)
Figure 95 - Arc 2-54 (16x magnification)
Figure 95 - Arc 2-54 (16x magnification)
Figure 96 - Arc 2-55 (16x magnification)
Figure 96 - Arc 2-55 (16x magnification)
Figure 97 - Arc 2-56 (16x magnification)
Figure 97 - Arc 2-56 (16x magnification)
Figure 98 - Arc 2-57 (16x magnification)
Figure 98 - Arc 2-57 (16x magnification)
Figure 99 - Arc 2-58 (16x magnification)
Figure 99 - Arc 2-58 (16x magnification)
Figure 100 - Arc 2-60 (16x magnification)
Figure 100 - Arc 2-60 (16x magnification)
Figure 101 - Arc 2-61 (16x magnification)
Figure 101 - Arc 2-61 (16x magnification)
Figure 102 - Arc 2-64 (16x magnification)
Figure 102 - Arc 2-64 (16x magnification)
Figure 103 - Arc 2-68 (16x magnification)
Figure 103 - Arc 2-68 (16x magnification)
Figure 104 - Arc 2-69 (16x magnification)
Figure 104 - Arc 2-69 (16x magnification)
Figure 105 - Arc 2-70 (16x magnification)
Figure 105 - Arc 2-70 (16x magnification)
Figure 106 - Arc 2-71 (16x magnification)
Figure 106 - Arc 2-71 (16x magnification)
Figure 107 - Arc 2-6 (22x magnification) 7.2 Enhanced and SEM Photographs — Energized Tests in an Ambient Environment
Figure 107 - Arc 2-6 (22x magnification) 7.2 Enhanced and SEM Photographs — Energized Tests in an Ambient Environment
Figure 108 - Arc 2-7 (27x magnification)
Figure 108 - Arc 2-7 (27x magnification)
Figure 109 - Arc 2-13 (27x magnification)
Figure 109 - Arc 2-13 (27x magnification)
Figure 110 - Arc 2-14 (16x magnification)
Figure 110 - Arc 2-14 (16x magnification)
Figure 114 - Arc 2-48.2 (27x magnification)
Figure 114 - Arc 2-48.2 (27x magnification)
Figure 111 - Arc 2-17 (27x magnification)
Figure 111 - Arc 2-17 (27x magnification)
Figure 112 - Arc 2-26 (27x magnification) Figure 113 - Arc 2-48.1 (27x magnification)
Figure 112 - Arc 2-26 (27x magnification) Figure 113 - Arc 2-48.1 (27x magnification)
Figure 115 - Arc 2-57.1 (25x magnification)
Figure 115 - Arc 2-57.1 (25x magnification)
Figure 117 - Arc 2-57.3 (27x magnification)
Figure 117 - Arc 2-57.3 (27x magnification)
Figure 116 - Arc 2-57.2 (25x magnification)
Figure 116 - Arc 2-57.2 (25x magnification)
Figure 118 - Voltage and Current waveforms produced during test 2-4 (55 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 118 - Voltage and Current waveforms produced during test 2-4 (55 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 119 — Waveform of the instantaneous power produced during test 2-4 (55 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 119 — Waveform of the instantaneous power produced during test 2-4 (55 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 121 —Waveform of the instantaneous power produced during test 2-5 (53 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 121 —Waveform of the instantaneous power produced during test 2-5 (53 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 122 - Voltage and current waveforms produced during test 2-6 (51 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 122 - Voltage and current waveforms produced during test 2-6 (51 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 123 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced during test 2-6 (51 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 123 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced during test 2-6 (51 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 125 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced during test 2-7 (49 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 125 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced during test 2-7 (49 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 127 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced during test 2-8 (47 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 127 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced during test 2-8 (47 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 128 - Voltage and current waveforms produced during test 2-9 (45 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 128 - Voltage and current waveforms produced during test 2-9 (45 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 129 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced during test 2-9 (45 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 129 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced during test 2-9 (45 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 130 - Voltage and current waveforms produced during test 2-11 (43 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 130 - Voltage and current waveforms produced during test 2-11 (43 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 131 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-11 (43 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 131 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-11 (43 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 132 - Voltage and current waveforms produced during test 2-12 (40 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 132 - Voltage and current waveforms produced during test 2-12 (40 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 133 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced during test 2-12 (40 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 133 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced during test 2-12 (40 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 134 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-13 (38 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 134 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-13 (38 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 135 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-13 (38 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 135 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-13 (38 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 137 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-14 (36 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 137 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-14 (36 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 138 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-15 (34 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 138 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-15 (34 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 139 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-15 (34 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 139 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-15 (34 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 141 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-16 (32 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 141 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-16 (32 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 142 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-17 (30 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 142 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-17 (30 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 143 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-17 (30 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 143 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-17 (30 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 144 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-18 (28 kW/m”). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 144 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-18 (28 kW/m”). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 145 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-18 (28 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 145 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-18 (28 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 146 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-20 (26 kW/m’). A total of 8 cycles (2/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 146 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-20 (26 kW/m’). A total of 8 cycles (2/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 147 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-20 (26 kW/m’). A total of 8 cycles (2/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 147 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-20 (26 kW/m’). A total of 8 cycles (2/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 149 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-21 (26 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 149 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-21 (26 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 150 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-23 (24 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 150 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-23 (24 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 151 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-23 (24 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 151 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-23 (24 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 152 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-26 (50 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 152 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-26 (50 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 153 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-26 (50 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 153 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-26 (50 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 154 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-27 (50 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 154 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-27 (50 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 155 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-27 (50 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 155 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-27 (50 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 156 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-28 (34 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 156 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-28 (34 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 157 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-28 (34 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 157 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-28 (34 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 158 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-29 (32 kW/m’). A total of 6 cycles (1/10 of a second) is shown.
Figure 158 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-29 (32 kW/m’). A total of 6 cycles (1/10 of a second) is shown.
Figure 159 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-29 (32 kW/m’). A total of 6 cycles (1/10 of a second) is shown.
Figure 159 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-29 (32 kW/m’). A total of 6 cycles (1/10 of a second) is shown.
Figure 160 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-30 (32 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 160 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-30 (32 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 161 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-30 (32 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 161 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-30 (32 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 162 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-34 (40 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 162 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-34 (40 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 163 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-34 (40 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 163 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-34 (40 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 164 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-35 (42 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 164 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-35 (42 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 165 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-35 (42 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 165 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-35 (42 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 166 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-36 (53 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 166 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-36 (53 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 167 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-36 (53 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 167 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-36 (53 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 168 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-37 (52 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 168 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-37 (52 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 169 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-37 (52 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 169 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-37 (52 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 170 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-38 (48 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 170 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-38 (48 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 171 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-38 (48 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 171 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-38 (48 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 172 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-39 (44 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 172 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-39 (44 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 173 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-39 (44 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 173 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-39 (44 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 175 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-40 (39 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 175 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-40 (39 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 176 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-42 (37 kW/m”). A total of 7.5 cycles (1/8 of a second) is shown.
Figure 176 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-42 (37 kW/m”). A total of 7.5 cycles (1/8 of a second) is shown.
Figure 177 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-42 (37 kW/m’). A total of 7.5 cycles (1/8 of a second) is shown.
Figure 177 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-42 (37 kW/m’). A total of 7.5 cycles (1/8 of a second) is shown.
Figure 178 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-43 (35 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 178 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-43 (35 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 179 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-43 (35 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 179 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-43 (35 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 180 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-44 (33 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 180 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-44 (33 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 181 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-44 (33 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 181 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-44 (33 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 182 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-45 (31 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 182 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-45 (31 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 183 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-45 (31 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 183 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-45 (31 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 184 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-46 (29 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 184 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-46 (29 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 185 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-46 (29 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 185 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-46 (29 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 186 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-47 (27 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 186 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-47 (27 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 187 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-47 (27 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 187 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-47 (27 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 188 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-48 (27 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 188 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-48 (27 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 189 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-48 (27 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 189 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-48 (27 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 190 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-49 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 190 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-49 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 191 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-49 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 191 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-49 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 192 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-50 (52 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 192 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-50 (52 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 193 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-50 (52 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 193 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-50 (52 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 194 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-51 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 194 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-51 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 195 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-51 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 195 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-51 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 196 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-54 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 196 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-54 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 197 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-54 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 197 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-54 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 199 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-55 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 199 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-55 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 201 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-56 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 201 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-56 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 204 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-58 (24 kW/m’). A total of 40 cycles (2/3 of a second) is shown.
Figure 204 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-58 (24 kW/m’). A total of 40 cycles (2/3 of a second) is shown.
Figure 206 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-60 (25 kW/m’). A total of 45 cycles (3/4 of a second) is shown.
Figure 206 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-60 (25 kW/m’). A total of 45 cycles (3/4 of a second) is shown.
Figure 208 - Voltage and current waveforms produced during test 2-61 (25 kW/m’). A total of 5 cycles (1/12 of a second) is shown.
Figure 208 - Voltage and current waveforms produced during test 2-61 (25 kW/m’). A total of 5 cycles (1/12 of a second) is shown.
Figure 209 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced during test 2-61 (25 kW/m’). A total of 5 cycles (1/12 of a second) is shown.
Figure 209 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced during test 2-61 (25 kW/m’). A total of 5 cycles (1/12 of a second) is shown.
Figure 210 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-63 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 210 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-63 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 211 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-63 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 211 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-63 (25 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 212 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-67 (55 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 212 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-67 (55 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 213 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-67 (55 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 213 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-67 (55 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 214 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-68 (55 kW/m’). A total of 14 cycles (7/30 of a second) is shown.
Figure 214 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-68 (55 kW/m’). A total of 14 cycles (7/30 of a second) is shown.
Figure 215 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-68 (55 kW/m’). A total of 14 cycles (7/30 of a second) is shown.
Figure 215 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-68 (55 kW/m’). A total of 14 cycles (7/30 of a second) is shown.
Figure 216 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-69 (55 kW/m’). A total of 6 cycles (1/10th of a second) is shown.
Figure 216 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-69 (55 kW/m’). A total of 6 cycles (1/10th of a second) is shown.
Figure 217 - Currents waveforms produced in test 2-69 (55 kW/m’). A total of 6 cycles (1/10 of a second) is shown.
Figure 217 - Currents waveforms produced in test 2-69 (55 kW/m’). A total of 6 cycles (1/10 of a second) is shown.
Figure 218 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-69 (55 kW/m’). / total of 6 cycles (1/10 of a second) is shown.
Figure 218 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-69 (55 kW/m’). / total of 6 cycles (1/10 of a second) is shown.
Figure 219 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-70 (50 kW/m”). A total of 16 cycles (4/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 219 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-70 (50 kW/m”). A total of 16 cycles (4/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 220 - Current waveforms produced in test 2-70 (50 kW/m). A total of 16 cycles (4/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 220 - Current waveforms produced in test 2-70 (50 kW/m). A total of 16 cycles (4/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 221 - Waveform of instantaneous power produced in test 2-70 (50 kW/m’). A total of 16 cycles (4/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 221 - Waveform of instantaneous power produced in test 2-70 (50 kW/m’). A total of 16 cycles (4/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 222 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-71 (50 kW/m’). A total of 6 cycles (1/10 of a second) is shown.
Figure 222 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-71 (50 kW/m’). A total of 6 cycles (1/10 of a second) is shown.
Figure 223 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-71 (50 kW/m’). A total of 6 cycles (1/10 of a second) is shown.
Figure 223 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-71 (50 kW/m’). A total of 6 cycles (1/10 of a second) is shown.
Figure 225 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-72 (45 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15th of a second) is shown.
Figure 225 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-72 (45 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15th of a second) is shown.
Figure 226 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-74 (45 kW/m’). A total of 6 cycles (1/10 of a second) is shown.
Figure 226 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-74 (45 kW/m’). A total of 6 cycles (1/10 of a second) is shown.
Figure 227 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-74 (45 kW/m’). A total of 6 cycles (1/10 of a second) is shown.
Figure 227 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-74 (45 kW/m’). A total of 6 cycles (1/10 of a second) is shown.
Figure 228 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-76 (45 kW/m’). A total of 9 cycles (3/20 of a second) is shown.
Figure 228 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 2-76 (45 kW/m’). A total of 9 cycles (3/20 of a second) is shown.
Figure 229 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-76 (45 kW/m’). A total of 9 cycles (3/20 of a second) is shown.
Figure 229 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-76 (45 kW/m’). A total of 9 cycles (3/20 of a second) is shown.
Figure 231 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-81 (45 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 231 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 2-81 (45 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 232 - Arc 3-1 (16x magnification) Arcing Artifacts — Energized Cables in a Nitrogen Environment
Figure 232 - Arc 3-1 (16x magnification) Arcing Artifacts — Energized Cables in a Nitrogen Environment
Figure 233 — Arc 3-2 (16x magnification)
Figure 233 — Arc 3-2 (16x magnification)
Figure 234 — Arc 3-3 (16x magnification)
Figure 234 — Arc 3-3 (16x magnification)
Figure 235 — Arc 3-4 (16x magnification)
Figure 235 — Arc 3-4 (16x magnification)
Figure 237 - Arc 3-1 (16x magnification) 75 Enhanced and SEM Photographs — Energized Cables in a Nitrogen Environment
Figure 237 - Arc 3-1 (16x magnification) 75 Enhanced and SEM Photographs — Energized Cables in a Nitrogen Environment
Figure 238 - Arc 3-2 (16x magnification)
Figure 238 - Arc 3-2 (16x magnification)
Figure 239 - Arc 3-3 (16x magnification)
Figure 239 - Arc 3-3 (16x magnification)
Figure 240 - Arc 3-4 (16x magnification)
Figure 240 - Arc 3-4 (16x magnification)
Figure 241 - Arc 3-6 (16x magnification)
Figure 241 - Arc 3-6 (16x magnification)
7.6 Arcing Waveforms — Energized Cables in a Nitrogen Environment Figure 242 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 3-1 (50 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
7.6 Arcing Waveforms — Energized Cables in a Nitrogen Environment Figure 242 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 3-1 (50 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 243 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 3-1 (50 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 243 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 3-1 (50 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 244 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 3-2 (50 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 244 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 3-2 (50 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 245 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 3-2 (50 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 245 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 3-2 (50 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 246 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 3-3 (54 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 246 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 3-3 (54 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 247 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 3-3 (54 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 247 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 3-3 (54 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 249 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 3-4 (54 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 249 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 3-4 (54 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 251 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 3-5 (48 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 251 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 3-5 (48 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 252 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 3-6 (48 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 252 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 3-6 (48 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 253 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 3-6 (48 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 253 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 3-6 (48 kW/m’). A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 254 — Arc 140-1 (16x magnification) reing Artifacts — Energized Cables under Variable Voltages
Figure 254 — Arc 140-1 (16x magnification) reing Artifacts — Energized Cables under Variable Voltages
Figure 255 — Arc 140-2 (16x magnification)
Figure 255 — Arc 140-2 (16x magnification)
Figure 256 - Arc 140-3 (16x magnification)
Figure 256 - Arc 140-3 (16x magnification)
Figure 257 - Arc 100-1 (16x magnification)
Figure 257 - Arc 100-1 (16x magnification)
Figure 258 - Arc 100-2 (16x magnification)
Figure 258 - Arc 100-2 (16x magnification)
Figure 259 - Arc 100-3 (16x magnification)
Figure 259 - Arc 100-3 (16x magnification)
Figure 260 - Arc 100-3 (16x magnification)
Figure 260 - Arc 100-3 (16x magnification)
Figure 261 - Arc 100-4 (16x magnification)
Figure 261 - Arc 100-4 (16x magnification)
Figure 262 - Arc 80-2 (16x magnification)
Figure 262 - Arc 80-2 (16x magnification)
Figure 263 - Arc 80-3 (16x magnification)
Figure 263 - Arc 80-3 (16x magnification)
Figure 264 - Arc 60-1. One square equals one inch.
Figure 264 - Arc 60-1. One square equals one inch.
Figure 265 - Arc 60-2. One square equals one inch.
Figure 265 - Arc 60-2. One square equals one inch.
Figure 266 - Arc 60-4 (16x magnification)
Figure 266 - Arc 60-4 (16x magnification)
Figure 267 - Arc 60-3 (12.5x magnification)
Figure 267 - Arc 60-3 (12.5x magnification)
Figure 268 - Arc 60-6. One square equals one inch.
Figure 268 - Arc 60-6. One square equals one inch.
Figure 269 - Arc 40-1 (16 magnification)
Figure 269 - Arc 40-1 (16 magnification)
Figure 270 - Arc 40-2 (16x magnification)
Figure 270 - Arc 40-2 (16x magnification)
Figure 271 - Arc 40-3 (10x magnification)
Figure 271 - Arc 40-3 (10x magnification)
Figure 272 - Arc 40-4 (16x magnification)
Figure 272 - Arc 40-4 (16x magnification)
Figure 273 - Arc 50-5 (16x magnification)
Figure 273 - Arc 50-5 (16x magnification)
Figure 274 - Arc 50-4 (12.5x magnification)
Figure 274 - Arc 50-4 (12.5x magnification)
Figure 275 — Arc 20-1 (12.5x magnification)
Figure 275 — Arc 20-1 (12.5x magnification)
Figure 277 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 140-1. A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 277 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 140-1. A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 279 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 140-2. A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 279 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 140-2. A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 281 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 140-3. A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 281 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 140-3. A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 283 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 100-1. A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 283 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 100-1. A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 285 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 100-3. A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 285 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 100-3. A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 287 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 100-4. A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 287 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 100-4. A total of 4 cycles (1/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 288 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 80-2. A total of 20 cycles (1/2 of a second) is shown.
Figure 288 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 80-2. A total of 20 cycles (1/2 of a second) is shown.
Figure 289 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 80-2. A total of 20 cycles (1/3 of a second) is shown.
Figure 289 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 80-2. A total of 20 cycles (1/3 of a second) is shown.
Figure 290 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 80-3. A total of 5 cycles (1/12 of a second) is shown.
Figure 290 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 80-3. A total of 5 cycles (1/12 of a second) is shown.
Figure 291 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 80-3. A total of 5 cycles (1/12 of a second) is shown.
Figure 291 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 80-3. A total of 5 cycles (1/12 of a second) is shown.
Figure 292 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 80-4. A total of 62 cycles (1.03 seconds) is shown.
Figure 292 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 80-4. A total of 62 cycles (1.03 seconds) is shown.
Figure 293 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 80-4. A total of 62 cycles (1.03 seconds) is shown.
Figure 293 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 80-4. A total of 62 cycles (1.03 seconds) is shown.
Figure 295 - Current waveforms produced in test 60-1. A total of 16 cycles (4/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 295 - Current waveforms produced in test 60-1. A total of 16 cycles (4/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 296 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 60-1. A total of 16 cycles (4/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 296 - Waveform of the instantaneous power produced in test 60-1. A total of 16 cycles (4/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 298 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 30-6. A total of 16 cycles (4/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 298 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 30-6. A total of 16 cycles (4/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 299 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 20-1. A total of 16 cycles (4/15 of a second) is shown.
Figure 299 - Voltage and current waveforms produced in test 20-1. A total of 16 cycles (4/15 of a second) is shown.
Decomposition mechanism: R1: Polymer — Charl + Gas1; R2: Charl — Char2 + Gas2
Decomposition mechanism: R1: Polymer — Charl + Gas1; R2: Charl — Char2 + Gas2
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