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Fig. 1. A. Location of the study area and last ice-sheet maximum limit (LGM — Last Glacial Maximum). B. Location of the studied basins on the map of the Jasto-Sanok Depression and the key sites: R — Roztoki, T — Tarnowiec, K — Kepa, BZ — Besko-Zapowiedz; explanation of symbols; | — northern extent of the Carpathians, 2 — boundary of the Jasto-Sanok Depression, 3 — study area, 4 — sites quoted in the text. C. Geomorphologic map of the Besko Basin, Jasionow and Humniska Basin (prepared based on a manuscript map of Tadeusz Gerlach, 1:50 000). Explanation of symbols: | — hill ridges and passes, 2 — flattenings within the hill ridges, 3 — slopes, 4 — foothills, 5 — terrace with loess cover deposited in the Warthanian (Saalian) Glaciation (Haczow terrace level), 6 — gravel terrace deposited in the Warthanian (Saalian) Glaciation, 7 — Vistulian terrace, 8 — floodplain (Holocene), 9 — denudational hummocks, 10 — alluvial fans, 11 — erosional V-shaped valleys, 12 — erosional edges, 13 — Wistok River gap near Besko, 14 — river, creak and stream channels, 15 — artificial embankments, 16 — geological cross-sections (transects).

Figure 1 A. Location of the study area and last ice-sheet maximum limit (LGM — Last Glacial Maximum). B. Location of the studied basins on the map of the Jasto-Sanok Depression and the key sites: R — Roztoki, T — Tarnowiec, K — Kepa, BZ — Besko-Zapowiedz; explanation of symbols; | — northern extent of the Carpathians, 2 — boundary of the Jasto-Sanok Depression, 3 — study area, 4 — sites quoted in the text. C. Geomorphologic map of the Besko Basin, Jasionow and Humniska Basin (prepared based on a manuscript map of Tadeusz Gerlach, 1:50 000). Explanation of symbols: | — hill ridges and passes, 2 — flattenings within the hill ridges, 3 — slopes, 4 — foothills, 5 — terrace with loess cover deposited in the Warthanian (Saalian) Glaciation (Haczow terrace level), 6 — gravel terrace deposited in the Warthanian (Saalian) Glaciation, 7 — Vistulian terrace, 8 — floodplain (Holocene), 9 — denudational hummocks, 10 — alluvial fans, 11 — erosional V-shaped valleys, 12 — erosional edges, 13 — Wistok River gap near Besko, 14 — river, creak and stream channels, 15 — artificial embankments, 16 — geological cross-sections (transects).

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SHAPE AND GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE BESKO, JASIONOW AND HUMNISKA BASINS of sporomorfs (pollen grains and spores), counting was made on specimen surfaces method was used for palyno arger than 300 mm’. The same ogical samples from the Besko sequence at the Besko-Zapowiedz site (Koperowa, 1970). Total number of tree, shrub and terrestrial vascular plant pollen grains was used for t particular taxa. Percentages were calculated in relation he calculation of percentage of of aquatic and wetland plants to the basic sum plus number of grains (spores) of particu ar taxa in a sample. Results of palynological analyses are presented in a simplified pollen diagrams made using the POLPAL program (Nalepka and Walanus, 2003) that include curves of the most important sporomorphs (Figs. 4, 6, 8, 10). Table 1. Radiocarbon dates obtained from profiles at the eastern part of Jasto-Sanok Depression (Polish Carpathians).
SHAPE AND GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE BESKO, JASIONOW AND HUMNISKA BASINS of sporomorfs (pollen grains and spores), counting was made on specimen surfaces method was used for palyno arger than 300 mm’. The same ogical samples from the Besko sequence at the Besko-Zapowiedz site (Koperowa, 1970). Total number of tree, shrub and terrestrial vascular plant pollen grains was used for t particular taxa. Percentages were calculated in relation he calculation of percentage of of aquatic and wetland plants to the basic sum plus number of grains (spores) of particu ar taxa in a sample. Results of palynological analyses are presented in a simplified pollen diagrams made using the POLPAL program (Nalepka and Walanus, 2003) that include curves of the most important sporomorphs (Figs. 4, 6, 8, 10). Table 1. Radiocarbon dates obtained from profiles at the eastern part of Jasto-Sanok Depression (Polish Carpathians).
Fig. 2. A. Geological cross-section of the southern part of the Besko Basin: Milcza-Besko-Zapowiedz-Zarszyn transect (1); for location of a transect see Fig. 1C (prepared by P. Gebica based on borehole logs described by T. Gerlach). B. Geological cross-section of the central part of the Besko Basin: Milcza- Tafle-Zagony-Posada Ja¢mierska transect (II). Location of transect — see Fig. 1C (prepared by P. Gebica based on borehole logs described by T. Gerlach). Explanation of symbols: | — Quaternary bedrock (Krosno Beds), 2 — channel gravel, 3 — overbank silt, 4 — peat, 5 — lacustrine chalk, 6 — loess, 7 — slope (solifluction) sediments, 8 — radiocarbon datings (not calibrated). ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF BASINS IN THE EASTERN PART OF JASLO-SANOK DEPRESSION 177
Fig. 2. A. Geological cross-section of the southern part of the Besko Basin: Milcza-Besko-Zapowiedz-Zarszyn transect (1); for location of a transect see Fig. 1C (prepared by P. Gebica based on borehole logs described by T. Gerlach). B. Geological cross-section of the central part of the Besko Basin: Milcza- Tafle-Zagony-Posada Ja¢mierska transect (II). Location of transect — see Fig. 1C (prepared by P. Gebica based on borehole logs described by T. Gerlach). Explanation of symbols: | — Quaternary bedrock (Krosno Beds), 2 — channel gravel, 3 — overbank silt, 4 — peat, 5 — lacustrine chalk, 6 — loess, 7 — slope (solifluction) sediments, 8 — radiocarbon datings (not calibrated). ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF BASINS IN THE EASTERN PART OF JASLO-SANOK DEPRESSION 177
Table 2. The lithological description of the Besko-Zapow- iedz I borehole. The depositional sequence according to Ko- perowa (1970). Table 3. The lithological description of the Besko-Zapow- iedz II borehole. The depositional sequence according to Koperowa, Starkel (1972).
Table 2. The lithological description of the Besko-Zapow- iedz I borehole. The depositional sequence according to Ko- perowa (1970). Table 3. The lithological description of the Besko-Zapow- iedz II borehole. The depositional sequence according to Koperowa, Starkel (1972).
sequence at depth of 1.25—1.35 m, overlain with silt, yields a date of 880+80 BP (Gd-6513) [980-730 b2k] (Table 1). The fourth sequence at the Besko-Zapowiedz site (4) is situated in a marginal part of the Wistok alluvial fan at 288 ma.s.l. (Fig. 1C). The depositional sequence according to Koperowa (1970) is provided (Table 2, Fig. 3A). The borehole Besko-Zapowiedz H, drilled 20 m far from the first site, was sampled for the grain-size analysis and radio- carbon datings (Koperowa, Starkel 1972). The depositional sequence Besko-Zapowiedz II is provided (Table 3).
sequence at depth of 1.25—1.35 m, overlain with silt, yields a date of 880+80 BP (Gd-6513) [980-730 b2k] (Table 1). The fourth sequence at the Besko-Zapowiedz site (4) is situated in a marginal part of the Wistok alluvial fan at 288 ma.s.l. (Fig. 1C). The depositional sequence according to Koperowa (1970) is provided (Table 2, Fig. 3A). The borehole Besko-Zapowiedz H, drilled 20 m far from the first site, was sampled for the grain-size analysis and radio- carbon datings (Koperowa, Starkel 1972). The depositional sequence Besko-Zapowiedz II is provided (Table 3).
Fig. 3. The main lithological sequences radiocarbon dated and sampled for palynological analysis in the Besko Basin, Jasionow Basin and Humnisk: Basin (prepared by T. Gerlach). A. Besko-Zapowiedz sequence (Koperowa, 1970, Koperowa, Starkel, 1972); B. Gorki 1 sequence; C. Humniska 18 se quence; D. Humniska 6 sequence. Location of sites (sequences) — see Fig. 1C. Explanation of symbols: 1 — Holocene soil, 2 — sandy silt, 3 — silt, 4 — clay 5 — peat, 6 — lacustrine chalk, 7 — sandy silt with pebbles, 8 — sand, 9 — sand with pebbles, 10 — sand with pebbles and debris, 11 — wood fragment, 12 — snai shells, 13 — Quaternary bedrock (Krosno Beds), 14 — samples for radiocarbon dating, 15 — radiocarbon dating (not calibrated). ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF BASINS IN THE EASTERN PART OF JASLO-SANOK DEPRESSION 179
Fig. 3. The main lithological sequences radiocarbon dated and sampled for palynological analysis in the Besko Basin, Jasionow Basin and Humnisk: Basin (prepared by T. Gerlach). A. Besko-Zapowiedz sequence (Koperowa, 1970, Koperowa, Starkel, 1972); B. Gorki 1 sequence; C. Humniska 18 se quence; D. Humniska 6 sequence. Location of sites (sequences) — see Fig. 1C. Explanation of symbols: 1 — Holocene soil, 2 — sandy silt, 3 — silt, 4 — clay 5 — peat, 6 — lacustrine chalk, 7 — sandy silt with pebbles, 8 — sand, 9 — sand with pebbles, 10 — sand with pebbles and debris, 11 — wood fragment, 12 — snai shells, 13 — Quaternary bedrock (Krosno Beds), 14 — samples for radiocarbon dating, 15 — radiocarbon dating (not calibrated). ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF BASINS IN THE EASTERN PART OF JASLO-SANOK DEPRESSION 179
Table 4. Besko-Zapowiedz I. Description of pollen assemblage zones (L PAZ), distinguished by K. Szczepanek and D. Nalepka in pollen diagram elaborated by Koperowa (1970: Fig. 3A), and correlation with chronostratigraphy according to Mangerud et al. (1974). Table 5. The lithological description of the Gorki | borehole (Jasionow Basin). tion from the Late Vistulian, i.e. Allerod and Younger Dryas through the following Holocene phases: Preboreal, Boreal, Atlantic, Subboreal and Subatlantic (Table 4). The decline of the Vistulian in the pollen diagram is attributed to bottom layers of sandy silt with pebbles, clay, and lacustrine chalk.
Table 4. Besko-Zapowiedz I. Description of pollen assemblage zones (L PAZ), distinguished by K. Szczepanek and D. Nalepka in pollen diagram elaborated by Koperowa (1970: Fig. 3A), and correlation with chronostratigraphy according to Mangerud et al. (1974). Table 5. The lithological description of the Gorki | borehole (Jasionow Basin). tion from the Late Vistulian, i.e. Allerod and Younger Dryas through the following Holocene phases: Preboreal, Boreal, Atlantic, Subboreal and Subatlantic (Table 4). The decline of the Vistulian in the pollen diagram is attributed to bottom layers of sandy silt with pebbles, clay, and lacustrine chalk.
Fig. 4. Percentages pollen diagram Besko from the Besko-Zapowiedz site (Koperowa, 1970, modified), selected taxa. Explanation of signatures (see c the graph): clay. silt, peat, lake chalk, sand, gravel, molluscs, anthrax. RIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF BASINS IN THE EASTERN PART OF JASLO-SANOK DEPRESSION 181
Fig. 4. Percentages pollen diagram Besko from the Besko-Zapowiedz site (Koperowa, 1970, modified), selected taxa. Explanation of signatures (see c the graph): clay. silt, peat, lake chalk, sand, gravel, molluscs, anthrax. RIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF BASINS IN THE EASTERN PART OF JASLO-SANOK DEPRESSION 181
Fig. 5. Geological cross-section of the upper part of the Jasiondw Basin with the depositional sequence of the Gorki | standard log, located in the area of the Gérecki Stream alluvial fan (prepared by T. Gerlach). Explanation of symbols: 1 — Holocene soil, 2 — sandy silt, 3 — sand, 4 — mollusc shells, 5 — peat, 6 — gravel, 7 — Quaternary bedrock (Krosno Beds), 8 — radiocarbon dating (not calibrated).
Fig. 5. Geological cross-section of the upper part of the Jasiondw Basin with the depositional sequence of the Gorki | standard log, located in the area of the Gérecki Stream alluvial fan (prepared by T. Gerlach). Explanation of symbols: 1 — Holocene soil, 2 — sandy silt, 3 — sand, 4 — mollusc shells, 5 — peat, 6 — gravel, 7 — Quaternary bedrock (Krosno Beds), 8 — radiocarbon dating (not calibrated).
able 6. Gorki 1. Description of local pollen assemblage zones (L PAZ) (Fig. 6), and correlation with chronostratigraphy according to Mangerud e¢ al. (1974).
able 6. Gorki 1. Description of local pollen assemblage zones (L PAZ) (Fig. 6), and correlation with chronostratigraphy according to Mangerud e¢ al. (1974).
Fig. 6. Percentages pollen diagram from the Gorki 1 sequence in the Jasionow Basin. Explanation of signatures (see on the graph): clay, peat, sand, molluscs, anthrax.
Fig. 6. Percentages pollen diagram from the Gorki 1 sequence in the Jasionow Basin. Explanation of signatures (see on the graph): clay, peat, sand, molluscs, anthrax.
Table 7. The lithological description of the Humniska 18 borehole (Humniska Basin).
Table 7. The lithological description of the Humniska 18 borehole (Humniska Basin).
Fig. 7. Geological cross-section of the northern part of the Humniska Basin with the main depositional sequence of the Humniska 18 log: Stobnica valley transect (IV). Location — see Fig. 1C (prepared by P. Gebica based on borehole logs described by T. Gerlach). Explanation of symbols: | — Quaternary bed- rock (Krosno Beds), 2 — sand with pebbles, 3 — sand, 4 — overbank silt, 5 — overbank sandy silt, 6 — clay, 7 — peaty silt, 8 — peat, 9 — loess, 10 — radiocarbon dating (not calibrated).
Fig. 7. Geological cross-section of the northern part of the Humniska Basin with the main depositional sequence of the Humniska 18 log: Stobnica valley transect (IV). Location — see Fig. 1C (prepared by P. Gebica based on borehole logs described by T. Gerlach). Explanation of symbols: | — Quaternary bed- rock (Krosno Beds), 2 — sand with pebbles, 3 — sand, 4 — overbank silt, 5 — overbank sandy silt, 6 — clay, 7 — peaty silt, 8 — peat, 9 — loess, 10 — radiocarbon dating (not calibrated).
Table 8. Humniska 18. Description of local pollen assemblage zones (L PAZ) (Fig. 8) and correlation with chronostratigraphy according to Mangerud e¢ al. (1974).
Table 8. Humniska 18. Description of local pollen assemblage zones (L PAZ) (Fig. 8) and correlation with chronostratigraphy according to Mangerud e¢ al. (1974).
Fig. 8. Percentages pollen diagram from the Humniska 18 sequence in the Humniska Basin. Explanation of signatures (see on the graph): silt, peat, nolluscs. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF BASINS IN THE EASTERN PART OF JASLO-SANOK DEPRESSION 185
Fig. 8. Percentages pollen diagram from the Humniska 18 sequence in the Humniska Basin. Explanation of signatures (see on the graph): silt, peat, nolluscs. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF BASINS IN THE EASTERN PART OF JASLO-SANOK DEPRESSION 185
Table 9. The lithological description of the Humniska 6 borehole (Humniska Basin).
Table 9. The lithological description of the Humniska 6 borehole (Humniska Basin).
Fig. 9. Geological cross-section in the central part of the Humniska Basin with the key sequence of the Humniska 6 log: transect V. Explanation of sym bols: 1 — Quaternary bedrock (Krosno Beds), 2 — sand with pebbles, 3 — sand, 4 — silt, 5 — clay, 6 — peat, 7 — tree trunk fragment, 8 — radiocarbon dating: (not calibrated); for location of the cross-section see Fig. 1C (prepared by T. Gerlach).
Fig. 9. Geological cross-section in the central part of the Humniska Basin with the key sequence of the Humniska 6 log: transect V. Explanation of sym bols: 1 — Quaternary bedrock (Krosno Beds), 2 — sand with pebbles, 3 — sand, 4 — silt, 5 — clay, 6 — peat, 7 — tree trunk fragment, 8 — radiocarbon dating: (not calibrated); for location of the cross-section see Fig. 1C (prepared by T. Gerlach).
able 10. Humniska 6. Description of local pollen assemblage zones (L PAZ) (Fig. 10) and correlation with chronostratigra- phy according to Mangerud et al. (1974).
able 10. Humniska 6. Description of local pollen assemblage zones (L PAZ) (Fig. 10) and correlation with chronostratigra- phy according to Mangerud et al. (1974).
able 11. Correlation of chronozones and local pollen assemblage zones (L PAZ) of all profiles in the eastern part of Jasto— Sanok Depression (Polish Carpathians). sedge (Cyperaceae), with significant content of Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae as well as Selaginella selaginoides. Single light demanding trees were represented by stone pine (Pinus cembra) and larch (Larix). Possibly patches of park-forests composed of pine (Pinus sylvestris) and birch trees (Betula undiff.); both in variable content. The most important features of plants growing in that time were the requirements concerning the availability of light and prob- ably water. Relatively numerous grains of pollen of trees of higher (temperate) climatic requirements (Picea abies, Alnus, Ulmus and Abies) could be delivered from remote areas or from eroded older sediments. Humniska Basin falls into the pre-Allered period as paly- nological analysis indicates. In the Younger Dryas, in the marginal part of the Wistok alluvial fan (Besko-Wierzbiny site) and in the Pielnica alluvial fan a peat bed, dated at 10,790—10,990 BP [13,070—12,300 b2k] (Table 1), was cov- ered by overbank clay and silt. Organic deposition in the Pielnica river valley in the south-eastern part of Besko Basin terminated as indicated by radiocarbon dating at 10,070+140 BP (Gd-15452) [12,240-11,310] at depth 3.4 m at Zarszyn (Malata, Zimnal, 2013). Intensification of flu- vial activity in the Younger Dryas is proved by a peat- bog sequence at the Tarnawa site in the San valley, where the age of the mineral insert was framed by the following radiocarbon dating at 10,750+160 '4C BP [13,045—-12,210 b2k], and 10,340+4160 4C BP [12,645—11,505 b2k] (Ralska- Jasiewiczowa and Starkel, 1975).
able 11. Correlation of chronozones and local pollen assemblage zones (L PAZ) of all profiles in the eastern part of Jasto— Sanok Depression (Polish Carpathians). sedge (Cyperaceae), with significant content of Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae as well as Selaginella selaginoides. Single light demanding trees were represented by stone pine (Pinus cembra) and larch (Larix). Possibly patches of park-forests composed of pine (Pinus sylvestris) and birch trees (Betula undiff.); both in variable content. The most important features of plants growing in that time were the requirements concerning the availability of light and prob- ably water. Relatively numerous grains of pollen of trees of higher (temperate) climatic requirements (Picea abies, Alnus, Ulmus and Abies) could be delivered from remote areas or from eroded older sediments. Humniska Basin falls into the pre-Allered period as paly- nological analysis indicates. In the Younger Dryas, in the marginal part of the Wistok alluvial fan (Besko-Wierzbiny site) and in the Pielnica alluvial fan a peat bed, dated at 10,790—10,990 BP [13,070—12,300 b2k] (Table 1), was cov- ered by overbank clay and silt. Organic deposition in the Pielnica river valley in the south-eastern part of Besko Basin terminated as indicated by radiocarbon dating at 10,070+140 BP (Gd-15452) [12,240-11,310] at depth 3.4 m at Zarszyn (Malata, Zimnal, 2013). Intensification of flu- vial activity in the Younger Dryas is proved by a peat- bog sequence at the Tarnawa site in the San valley, where the age of the mineral insert was framed by the following radiocarbon dating at 10,750+160 '4C BP [13,045—-12,210 b2k], and 10,340+4160 4C BP [12,645—11,505 b2k] (Ralska- Jasiewiczowa and Starkel, 1975).
Fig. 11. Correlation of chronozones and local pollen assemblage zones (L PAZ) of all analysed profiles in the Jasto-Sanok Depression. Explanation of symbols: Ab — Abies; Al — Alnus; Ar — Artemisia; Be — Betula; Cr — Carpinus; Chen — Chenopodiaceae; Co — Corylus; Fa — Fagus; Ju — Juniperus; La — Larix; Pi— Pinus; Pi. cem — Pinus cembra; Pic — Picea; Ti — Tilia; U1 — Ulmus.
Fig. 11. Correlation of chronozones and local pollen assemblage zones (L PAZ) of all analysed profiles in the Jasto-Sanok Depression. Explanation of symbols: Ab — Abies; Al — Alnus; Ar — Artemisia; Be — Betula; Cr — Carpinus; Chen — Chenopodiaceae; Co — Corylus; Fa — Fagus; Ju — Juniperus; La — Larix; Pi— Pinus; Pi. cem — Pinus cembra; Pic — Picea; Ti — Tilia; U1 — Ulmus.
Fig. 12. Correlation of upper parts of pollen diagrams from Tarnowiec, Besko and Markowce sites presenting transitional period in the Late Holocene history of woodland communities as well as changes of human impact on vegetation (after Wacnik et a/., 2016, changed). ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF BASINS IN THE EASTERN PART OF JASLO-SANOK DEPRESSION 191
Fig. 12. Correlation of upper parts of pollen diagrams from Tarnowiec, Besko and Markowce sites presenting transitional period in the Late Holocene history of woodland communities as well as changes of human impact on vegetation (after Wacnik et a/., 2016, changed). ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF BASINS IN THE EASTERN PART OF JASLO-SANOK DEPRESSION 191
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