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TaBLE 1: Definitions of selected daily extreme temperature indices and their period of Northern Hemisphere teleconnection pattern (NHTPs) for this study.

Table 1 Definitions of selected daily extreme temperature indices and their period of Northern Hemisphere teleconnection pattern (NHTPs) for this study.

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FiGure 1: (a) Location of the study area, (b) different regions in Finland, (c) regular grid points (10 10 km’) covering daily minimum and maximum temperature datasets across Finland obtained from PaiTuli, (d) daily temperature measurement stations in Finland used for calculation of the gridded time series, and (e) temporal variability in the number of daily temperature measurement stations in Finland over 1961-2011.
FiGure 1: (a) Location of the study area, (b) different regions in Finland, (c) regular grid points (10 10 km’) covering daily minimum and maximum temperature datasets across Finland obtained from PaiTuli, (d) daily temperature measurement stations in Finland used for calculation of the gridded time series, and (e) temporal variability in the number of daily temperature measurement stations in Finland over 1961-2011.
Base value = 10.0 (%), trend = 0.8 + 0.4 (% per decade, p < 0.05), EA is the most influential ACP (p = 0.33, p < 0.05)
Base value = 10.0 (%), trend = 0.8 + 0.4 (% per decade, p < 0.05), EA is the most influential ACP (p = 0.33, p < 0.05)
If significant (p< 0.05), p is given in bold. TABLE 3: Base value (average during 1961-2011), statistically significant (p < 0.05) trends, and Spearman rank correlation (p) with NHTE for daily extreme temperature indices given in Table 1.
If significant (p< 0.05), p is given in bold. TABLE 3: Base value (average during 1961-2011), statistically significant (p < 0.05) trends, and Spearman rank correlation (p) with NHTE for daily extreme temperature indices given in Table 1.
The longest warm and cold spells ranging from 15.2-16.5 and 13.3-14.7 days, respectively, were observed in the southern areas of Finland (Figures 5(d) and 5(e)). western, and northern Finland (Figure 6(d)). For both diurnal (Figure 6(e)) and extreme (Figure 7(a)) tempera- ture ranges (DTR and ETR), significant decreases are primarily observed over the northern parts and south- western coastal areas of Finland. During 1961-2011, the range of such trends was from —0.50 to —0.25 (°C/decade) for DTR (Figure 6(e)) and from —3 to -1 (°C/decade) for ETR (Figure 7(a)). The highest rate of decreasing trends in FD (5.3-10.6 days/decade) was seen over some areas in the southern, eastern, western, and central Finland (Figure 7(b)). For ID, significant decreasing trends, ranging
The longest warm and cold spells ranging from 15.2-16.5 and 13.3-14.7 days, respectively, were observed in the southern areas of Finland (Figures 5(d) and 5(e)). western, and northern Finland (Figure 6(d)). For both diurnal (Figure 6(e)) and extreme (Figure 7(a)) tempera- ture ranges (DTR and ETR), significant decreases are primarily observed over the northern parts and south- western coastal areas of Finland. During 1961-2011, the range of such trends was from —0.50 to —0.25 (°C/decade) for DTR (Figure 6(e)) and from —3 to -1 (°C/decade) for ETR (Figure 7(a)). The highest rate of decreasing trends in FD (5.3-10.6 days/decade) was seen over some areas in the southern, eastern, western, and central Finland (Figure 7(b)). For ID, significant decreasing trends, ranging
Ficure 4: Spatial distribution maps of base values for (a) TXx, (b) TXn, (c) TNx, (d) TNn, (e) DTR, and (f) ETR in Finland during 1961-2011.
Ficure 4: Spatial distribution maps of base values for (a) TXx, (b) TXn, (c) TNx, (d) TNn, (e) DTR, and (f) ETR in Finland during 1961-2011.
FIGURE 5: Spatial distribution maps of base values for (a) FD, (b) ID, (c) SU25, (d) WSDI, and (e) CSDI in Finland during 1961-2011.
FIGURE 5: Spatial distribution maps of base values for (a) FD, (b) ID, (c) SU25, (d) WSDI, and (e) CSDI in Finland during 1961-2011.
Figure 6: Spatial distribution maps of trends (/decade) in (a) TXx, (b) TXn, (c) TNx, (d) TNn, and (e) DTR in Finland during 1961-2011 The stippling indicates areas where the trends are statistically insignificant (p > 0.05).
Figure 6: Spatial distribution maps of trends (/decade) in (a) TXx, (b) TXn, (c) TNx, (d) TNn, and (e) DTR in Finland during 1961-2011 The stippling indicates areas where the trends are statistically insignificant (p > 0.05).
FiGure 7: Spatial distribution maps of trends (/decade) in (a) ETR, (b) FD, (c) ID, (d) SU25, and (e) TX10p in Finland during 1961-2011. Th stippling indicates areas where the trends are statistically insignificant (p > 0.05).
FiGure 7: Spatial distribution maps of trends (/decade) in (a) ETR, (b) FD, (c) ID, (d) SU25, and (e) TX10p in Finland during 1961-2011. Th stippling indicates areas where the trends are statistically insignificant (p > 0.05).
Ficure 8: Spatial distribution maps of trends (/decade) in (a) TX90p, (b) TN10p, (c) TN90p, (d) WSDI, and (e) CSDI in Finland during 1961-2011. The stippling indicates areas where the trends are statistically insignificant (p > 0.05).
Ficure 8: Spatial distribution maps of trends (/decade) in (a) TX90p, (b) TN10p, (c) TN90p, (d) WSDI, and (e) CSDI in Finland during 1961-2011. The stippling indicates areas where the trends are statistically insignificant (p > 0.05).
FIGURE 9: Spatial distribution maps of most influential NHTP (left) and its corresponding Spearman rank correlation (right) for warm xtreme temperature indices including (a) TXx, (b) TNx, (c) $U25, (d) TX90p, (e) TN90p, and (f) WSDI in Finland during 1961-2011. The stippling indicates areas where the correlations are statistically insignificant (p > 0.05).
FIGURE 9: Spatial distribution maps of most influential NHTP (left) and its corresponding Spearman rank correlation (right) for warm xtreme temperature indices including (a) TXx, (b) TNx, (c) $U25, (d) TX90p, (e) TN90p, and (f) WSDI in Finland during 1961-2011. The stippling indicates areas where the correlations are statistically insignificant (p > 0.05).
Figure 10: Spatial distribution maps of most influential NHTP (left) and its corresponding Spearman rank correlation (right) for cold temperature extreme indices including (a) TXn, (b) TNn, (c) FD, (d) ID, (e) TX10p, (f) TN10p, and (g) CSDI in Finland during 1961-2011. The stippling indicates areas where the correlations are statistically insignificant (p > 0.05).
Figure 10: Spatial distribution maps of most influential NHTP (left) and its corresponding Spearman rank correlation (right) for cold temperature extreme indices including (a) TXn, (b) TNn, (c) FD, (d) ID, (e) TX10p, (f) TN10p, and (g) CSDI in Finland during 1961-2011. The stippling indicates areas where the correlations are statistically insignificant (p > 0.05).
Figure 11: Spatial distribution maps of most influential NHTP (left) and its corresponding Spearman rank correlation (right) for (a) DTR and (b) ETR in Finland during 1961-2011. The stippling indicates areas where the correlations are statistically insignificant (p > 0.05).
Figure 11: Spatial distribution maps of most influential NHTP (left) and its corresponding Spearman rank correlation (right) for (a) DTR and (b) ETR in Finland during 1961-2011. The stippling indicates areas where the correlations are statistically insignificant (p > 0.05).
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