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Figure 8. The vegetation upstream of Al- Abbassia Barrage (2022)

Figure 8 The vegetation upstream of Al- Abbassia Barrage (2022)

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Figure 1. The upstream & downstream study area
Figure 1. The upstream & downstream study area
Figure 2. Flow chart of river course extraction The considered methodology is mainly based on various basic thematic layers, including the map and satellite imageries obtained for the study domain. Employing ArcGIS 10.3 software tools, several maps were organized for the Abbassia Barrage for an interval of 1976-2022. The data used are multi-temporal, multi-spatial, and multi- spectral satellite remote sensing data that have been downloaded for the entire Abbassia river basin in Kufa, Iraq, from the U.S. Geological Survey [23]. Figure 2 depicts the schematic diagram of the methodology used in this article.
Figure 2. Flow chart of river course extraction The considered methodology is mainly based on various basic thematic layers, including the map and satellite imageries obtained for the study domain. Employing ArcGIS 10.3 software tools, several maps were organized for the Abbassia Barrage for an interval of 1976-2022. The data used are multi-temporal, multi-spatial, and multi- spectral satellite remote sensing data that have been downloaded for the entire Abbassia river basin in Kufa, Iraq, from the U.S. Geological Survey [23]. Figure 2 depicts the schematic diagram of the methodology used in this article.
Figure 3. Raw image data of the study area The river shape is then extracted to represent the river course through GIS tools. Area, width, erosion, sedimentation, and change detection were calculated for each image through these tools. Indeed, there were no previous literatures that included topographic surveys, technique analysis, and land cover investigations to study the planform and morphological aspects of this reach. To the best of my knowledge, there were no previous studies that applied satellite-based data to investigate the planform of the studied reach. Hence, validating the obtained results with other studies was not possible. Even on a global scale, the morphological aspects of the studied rivers are unique and differ from the river extent of interest. This paper, therefore, provides a basis for monitoring future changes in these aspects. Figure 3 shows the raw image data obtained from the satellite. Figure 4 depicts the supervised classification image of the study area. Finally, Figure 5 shows the extracted river course processed from the above two images.
Figure 3. Raw image data of the study area The river shape is then extracted to represent the river course through GIS tools. Area, width, erosion, sedimentation, and change detection were calculated for each image through these tools. Indeed, there were no previous literatures that included topographic surveys, technique analysis, and land cover investigations to study the planform and morphological aspects of this reach. To the best of my knowledge, there were no previous studies that applied satellite-based data to investigate the planform of the studied reach. Hence, validating the obtained results with other studies was not possible. Even on a global scale, the morphological aspects of the studied rivers are unique and differ from the river extent of interest. This paper, therefore, provides a basis for monitoring future changes in these aspects. Figure 3 shows the raw image data obtained from the satellite. Figure 4 depicts the supervised classification image of the study area. Finally, Figure 5 shows the extracted river course processed from the above two images.
Figure 4. Supervised classification of the study area Figure 5. River course shape extraction of the study area
Figure 4. Supervised classification of the study area Figure 5. River course shape extraction of the study area
Figure 6. Upstream of the study area (1985-2022)
Figure 6. Upstream of the study area (1985-2022)
Figure 7. Multi-Temporal Landsat Satellite Imageries of Abbassia Barrage U/S (1976-2022)
Figure 7. Multi-Temporal Landsat Satellite Imageries of Abbassia Barrage U/S (1976-2022)
Figure 9. River course shifting (1985-1990) in D/S Before the construction of the barrage (1976), the river planform was straight and turned to the left, downstream from the barrage. After the barrage construction (1982—1987) and the operation in 1989, the river moved to the right, shifting into a downstream river course of about 200 m due to the influence of the barrage, as depicted in the images from 1985 and 1990. Figure 9 shows that the downstream meandering continues, but by 1995 the river became more undersized meandering. In the subsequent years, the downstream reach of the river formed to retake a meandering pattern with fluctuation in its width, as illustrated in Figures 10 and 11.
Figure 9. River course shifting (1985-1990) in D/S Before the construction of the barrage (1976), the river planform was straight and turned to the left, downstream from the barrage. After the barrage construction (1982—1987) and the operation in 1989, the river moved to the right, shifting into a downstream river course of about 200 m due to the influence of the barrage, as depicted in the images from 1985 and 1990. Figure 9 shows that the downstream meandering continues, but by 1995 the river became more undersized meandering. In the subsequent years, the downstream reach of the river formed to retake a meandering pattern with fluctuation in its width, as illustrated in Figures 10 and 11.
Figure 10. Downstream of the study area (1985-2022)
Figure 10. Downstream of the study area (1985-2022)
Figure 11. Multi-Temporal Landsat Satellite Imageries of D/S Abbassia Barrage (1976-2022
Figure 11. Multi-Temporal Landsat Satellite Imageries of D/S Abbassia Barrage (1976-2022
Figure 12. River Width during Pre-and-Post Installation Periods of Abbassia Barrage In the study area, the variations in channel width downstream and upstream from the Abbassia barrage before and after the barrage's construction were studied by comparing satellite images through GIS tools, as shown in Figure 12 below, from 1976 to 2022. Pre-installation period (1976), there was no considerable change in width at the upstream and downstream parts. In 1985, when the barrage was constructed on the river reach, the width variation was 66-74 m upstream and 65—42 m downstream. While the barrage operated in 1989, the upstream and downstream widths varied from 74 to 84 m and from 42 to 37 m, respectively, along the reach. Thereafter, in the subsequent years (1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015), the width fluctuation was recognized. In the same way, the width varied from (84 to 58) m in upstream and (37 to 30) m in downstream, calculated from the date where the barrage operated (1989).
Figure 12. River Width during Pre-and-Post Installation Periods of Abbassia Barrage In the study area, the variations in channel width downstream and upstream from the Abbassia barrage before and after the barrage's construction were studied by comparing satellite images through GIS tools, as shown in Figure 12 below, from 1976 to 2022. Pre-installation period (1976), there was no considerable change in width at the upstream and downstream parts. In 1985, when the barrage was constructed on the river reach, the width variation was 66-74 m upstream and 65—42 m downstream. While the barrage operated in 1989, the upstream and downstream widths varied from 74 to 84 m and from 42 to 37 m, respectively, along the reach. Thereafter, in the subsequent years (1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015), the width fluctuation was recognized. In the same way, the width varied from (84 to 58) m in upstream and (37 to 30) m in downstream, calculated from the date where the barrage operated (1989).
Figure 13. River Area during Pre-and-Post Installation Periods of Abbassia Barrage The river's area variations of Abbasia reach were extracted from the satellite images and plotted as bar charts as shown in Figure 13. In the study domain, river area oscillation occurred from 1976 to 2022 on both the upstream and downstream sides of the river. In the Pre-installation period (1976) area downstream in the river was more than the area upstream.
Figure 13. River Area during Pre-and-Post Installation Periods of Abbassia Barrage The river's area variations of Abbasia reach were extracted from the satellite images and plotted as bar charts as shown in Figure 13. In the study domain, river area oscillation occurred from 1976 to 2022 on both the upstream and downstream sides of the river. In the Pre-installation period (1976) area downstream in the river was more than the area upstream.
In 1985, when the barrage was constructed on the river reach, the case was inversed since the area upstream became larger than that downstream. Once the barrage was operational (1989), The upstream and downstream areas increased both upstream and downstream Abbassia's reach. Thereafter, fluctuation in river area was observed in the years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2022, where a reduction rate in the area of 33% and 26% was recorded in the upstream and downstream of the barrage, respectively, concerning the operation year. Area fluctuation took place where a reduction in the rate of 33% in the upstream part and 26% in the downstream was calculated from the barrage operated year (1989).
In 1985, when the barrage was constructed on the river reach, the case was inversed since the area upstream became larger than that downstream. Once the barrage was operational (1989), The upstream and downstream areas increased both upstream and downstream Abbassia's reach. Thereafter, fluctuation in river area was observed in the years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2022, where a reduction rate in the area of 33% and 26% was recorded in the upstream and downstream of the barrage, respectively, concerning the operation year. Area fluctuation took place where a reduction in the rate of 33% in the upstream part and 26% in the downstream was calculated from the barrage operated year (1989).
Figure 14. Sediment Deposit in u/s and d/s of Abbassia Barrage
Figure 14. Sediment Deposit in u/s and d/s of Abbassia Barrage
Figure 16. Change detection processes for (a) upstream and (b) downstream of the study area (1985-2022 37% incremental in the deposited area and 57% reduction downstream in the same period. Lastly, in 2010-2022, the erosion process was continued in the same way through a reduction in the rate at the upstream part and an increase in the rate at the downstream part of the river by 30% and 70%, respectively, while the deposition occurred at a rate of 97% in the upstream and 3% in the downstream. Finally, this process led to what is called the equilibrium state upstream and downstream of the Abbassia River reach 32 years in the period 1990-2022. Change detection for the period 1985-2022 is shown in Figures 16a and 16b.
Figure 16. Change detection processes for (a) upstream and (b) downstream of the study area (1985-2022 37% incremental in the deposited area and 57% reduction downstream in the same period. Lastly, in 2010-2022, the erosion process was continued in the same way through a reduction in the rate at the upstream part and an increase in the rate at the downstream part of the river by 30% and 70%, respectively, while the deposition occurred at a rate of 97% in the upstream and 3% in the downstream. Finally, this process led to what is called the equilibrium state upstream and downstream of the Abbassia River reach 32 years in the period 1990-2022. Change detection for the period 1985-2022 is shown in Figures 16a and 16b.
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