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FIGURE 4 | Breakdown of sublethal injury events to Mobula alfredi and M. birostris by origin and type. A comparison of the percentage of each injury event type, of either anthropogenic (oranges), natural (blues), or unknown (grey) origin, recorded for M. alfredi (n = 1,635) and M. birostris (n = 143) in the Maldives.

Figure 4 | Breakdown of sublethal injury events to Mobula alfredi and M. birostris by origin and type. A comparison of the percentage of each injury event type, of either anthropogenic (oranges), natural (blues), or unknown (grey) origin, recorded for M. alfredi (n = 1,635) and M. birostris (n = 143) in the Maldives.

Related Figures (7)

FIGURE 1 | Map of the Maldives archipelago located to the southwest of India. Diagram shows the 26 geographical atolls illustrated in greer
FIGURE 1 | Map of the Maldives archipelago located to the southwest of India. Diagram shows the 26 geographical atolls illustrated in greer
FIGURE 2 | Anthropogenic Mobula alfredi and M. birostris sublethal injury types: (A-C) Boat strike. (A,B) Fresh wounds within days of strike, and (C) several weeks after strike. (D-F) Fishing line/hook. (D) Fresh wound days after line cut free, (E) left cephalic fin three-quarters severed and functionless, and (F) left cephalic fin amputated and scarring around mouth, down gill slits and on trailing edge of left pectoral fin. (G-I) Net entanglement. (G) Regularly spaced gill net scarring down ventral surface of right pectoral fin, (H) ghost net entangled in left cephalic fin, and (I) scarring to entire dorsal body surface, increasing around body edges and extremities. (J-L) Rope entanglement. (J,L) Left cephalic fins with deep laceration (injuries recorded directly after rope was cut free), and (K) large scarring from rope entanglement over left shoulder. All images collected in the Maldives during this study. Images © Manta Trust.
FIGURE 2 | Anthropogenic Mobula alfredi and M. birostris sublethal injury types: (A-C) Boat strike. (A,B) Fresh wounds within days of strike, and (C) several weeks after strike. (D-F) Fishing line/hook. (D) Fresh wound days after line cut free, (E) left cephalic fin three-quarters severed and functionless, and (F) left cephalic fin amputated and scarring around mouth, down gill slits and on trailing edge of left pectoral fin. (G-I) Net entanglement. (G) Regularly spaced gill net scarring down ventral surface of right pectoral fin, (H) ghost net entangled in left cephalic fin, and (I) scarring to entire dorsal body surface, increasing around body edges and extremities. (J-L) Rope entanglement. (J,L) Left cephalic fins with deep laceration (injuries recorded directly after rope was cut free), and (K) large scarring from rope entanglement over left shoulder. All images collected in the Maldives during this study. Images © Manta Trust.
FIGURE 3 | Natural Mobula alfredi and M. birostris sublethal injury types: (A-C) Predatory bites. (A) Large semi-circular shark bite scar to left pectoral fin, (B) predation bite amputation of right pectoral fin, and (C) very large shark bite scar to left pectoral fin, resulting in a large section of missing fin. (D-F) Deformity. (D) Right eye and head severely deformed, (E) left cephalic fin smaller, bent and with reduced functionality, and (F) tail abnormally bent along length. (G-I) Disease, infection, and parasitism. (G) First and second gill slits severely damaged and gill chamber infected, (H) fifth right and left gill slits scarred and damaged by juvenile sharksucker remora (Echeneis naucrates) seeking shelter inside the ray’s gill cavity, and (I) second left gill slit with a large wound resulting from repeated intrusion intc the gill cavity by a giant remora (Remora remora). All images collected in the Maldives during this study. Images © Manta Trust.
FIGURE 3 | Natural Mobula alfredi and M. birostris sublethal injury types: (A-C) Predatory bites. (A) Large semi-circular shark bite scar to left pectoral fin, (B) predation bite amputation of right pectoral fin, and (C) very large shark bite scar to left pectoral fin, resulting in a large section of missing fin. (D-F) Deformity. (D) Right eye and head severely deformed, (E) left cephalic fin smaller, bent and with reduced functionality, and (F) tail abnormally bent along length. (G-I) Disease, infection, and parasitism. (G) First and second gill slits severely damaged and gill chamber infected, (H) fifth right and left gill slits scarred and damaged by juvenile sharksucker remora (Echeneis naucrates) seeking shelter inside the ray’s gill cavity, and (I) second left gill slit with a large wound resulting from repeated intrusion intc the gill cavity by a giant remora (Remora remora). All images collected in the Maldives during this study. Images © Manta Trust.
TABLE 1 | Description of manta ray sublethal injury origins and types.
TABLE 1 | Description of manta ray sublethal injury origins and types.
FIGURE 5 | GLMM odds ratio plot for Mobula alfreai injuries. Relationship between injury events and significant explanatory variables (p < 0.05). Plots show relationship for all injury events (left), anthropogenic injury events only (middle), and natural injury events only (right). Results are plotted in terms of odds ratio (OR) indicating the likelihood of presence in comparison with the reference category shown in the legend. Odds ratio values are plotted with 95% confidence intervals (Cl) where applicable (Cl; solid horizontal lines). Where the Cl does not span 1, the explanatory variable is significantly more likely when OR > 1, and significantly less likely when OR < 1.
FIGURE 5 | GLMM odds ratio plot for Mobula alfreai injuries. Relationship between injury events and significant explanatory variables (p < 0.05). Plots show relationship for all injury events (left), anthropogenic injury events only (middle), and natural injury events only (right). Results are plotted in terms of odds ratio (OR) indicating the likelihood of presence in comparison with the reference category shown in the legend. Odds ratio values are plotted with 95% confidence intervals (Cl) where applicable (Cl; solid horizontal lines). Where the Cl does not span 1, the explanatory variable is significantly more likely when OR > 1, and significantly less likely when OR < 1.
FIGURE 6 | Percentage of injury events per sighted Mobula alfredi throughout the Maldives atolls (1987-2019). Distribution of anthropogenic (oranges), natural (blues), and unknown (grey) injury events (n = 1,635), grouped by injury type, per individual sighted. Records from 15 of the Maldives’ 26 geographical atolls, listec north (left) to south (right).
FIGURE 6 | Percentage of injury events per sighted Mobula alfredi throughout the Maldives atolls (1987-2019). Distribution of anthropogenic (oranges), natural (blues), and unknown (grey) injury events (n = 1,635), grouped by injury type, per individual sighted. Records from 15 of the Maldives’ 26 geographical atolls, listec north (left) to south (right).
FIGURE 7 | Percentage of annual injury events per re-sighted Mobula alfredi (2005-2019). Distribution of anthropogenic (oranges), natural (blues), and unknown (grey) injury events (n = 623), grouped by injury type, per re-sighted individual.
FIGURE 7 | Percentage of annual injury events per re-sighted Mobula alfredi (2005-2019). Distribution of anthropogenic (oranges), natural (blues), and unknown (grey) injury events (n = 623), grouped by injury type, per re-sighted individual.
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