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Table 1 Scavenging free radical activities of A. macrophylla aqueous extract ECs = concentration of Anthonotha macrophylla extract which results in 50% of scavenging. The results are expressed as mean + SD of at least 3 independent experiments

Table 1 Scavenging free radical activities of A. macrophylla aqueous extract ECs = concentration of Anthonotha macrophylla extract which results in 50% of scavenging. The results are expressed as mean + SD of at least 3 independent experiments

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CCs = Concentration of A. macrophylla aqueous extract which results in 50% of cell viability. The results are expressed as mean + SD of at least 3 independent experiments. SI=CCso of Anthonotha macrophylla on non-tumoral cell lines (MCR-5 and HUVEC) divided by CCso determined for cancer cells (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and 4 T1) Table 2. CCso values of aqueous extract of Anthonotha macrophylla in tumoral and non tumoral cell lines
CCs = Concentration of A. macrophylla aqueous extract which results in 50% of cell viability. The results are expressed as mean + SD of at least 3 independent experiments. SI=CCso of Anthonotha macrophylla on non-tumoral cell lines (MCR-5 and HUVEC) divided by CCso determined for cancer cells (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and 4 T1) Table 2. CCso values of aqueous extract of Anthonotha macrophylla in tumoral and non tumoral cell lines
Table 3 Breast cancer chemopreventive activity of A. macrophylla extract after 28 weeks of treatment NOR = Normal control rats receiving vehicle (distilled water); DMBA = Rats serving as a negative control, receiving vehicle, TAMOX + DMBA = rat: serving as a positive control, receiving tamoxifen (3.3 mg/kg BW); A. macrophylla + DMBA = Rats receiving the aqueous extract of A. macrophylla a doses of 37.5, 75 and 150 mg/kg BW. Data are represented as mean + SD (n = 10). * p<0.05, ** p< 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 as compared to negative control. ####p < 0.001 as compared to normal control
Table 3 Breast cancer chemopreventive activity of A. macrophylla extract after 28 weeks of treatment NOR = Normal control rats receiving vehicle (distilled water); DMBA = Rats serving as a negative control, receiving vehicle, TAMOX + DMBA = rat: serving as a positive control, receiving tamoxifen (3.3 mg/kg BW); A. macrophylla + DMBA = Rats receiving the aqueous extract of A. macrophylla a doses of 37.5, 75 and 150 mg/kg BW. Data are represented as mean + SD (n = 10). * p<0.05, ** p< 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 as compared to negative control. ####p < 0.001 as compared to normal control
Wistar rats. The significant reduction in tumor volume and average tumor weight observed with A. macrophylla extract at the doses of 75 and 150 mg/kg BW suggests protective effects of this extract on the mammary tumorigenesis. These effects could be explained by the ability of compounds of A. macrophylla extract to kill cancer cells, as observed in vitro in this study. These results suggest that the acute effect of A. macrophylla involves inhibition of cell proliferation. Flavonols detected in A. macrophylla extract, might have counteracted the estrogen activity in vitro and in vivo via ER-binding to inhibit tumor growth. This is in line with the lately reported antiestrogenic effects of A. macrophylla aque- ous extract (Gueyo et al. 2019). Histopathological
Wistar rats. The significant reduction in tumor volume and average tumor weight observed with A. macrophylla extract at the doses of 75 and 150 mg/kg BW suggests protective effects of this extract on the mammary tumorigenesis. These effects could be explained by the ability of compounds of A. macrophylla extract to kill cancer cells, as observed in vitro in this study. These results suggest that the acute effect of A. macrophylla involves inhibition of cell proliferation. Flavonols detected in A. macrophylla extract, might have counteracted the estrogen activity in vitro and in vivo via ER-binding to inhibit tumor growth. This is in line with the lately reported antiestrogenic effects of A. macrophylla aque- ous extract (Gueyo et al. 2019). Histopathological
Table 4 Effects of A. macrophylla aqueous extract on relative weights of organs after 28 weeks of treatment NOR = Normal control rats receiving vehicle (distilled water); DMBA = Rats serving as a negative control, receiving vehicle, TAMOX + DMBA = rats serving as a positive control, receiving tamoxifen (3.3 mg/kg BW); A. macrophylla + DMBA = Rats receiving the aqueous extract of A. macrophylla at doses of 37.5, 75 and 150 mg/kg BW. Data are represented as mean + SD (n = 10). * p< 0.05, ** p< 0.01 and ***p <0.001 as compared to negative control. ####p < 0.001 as compared to normal control
Table 4 Effects of A. macrophylla aqueous extract on relative weights of organs after 28 weeks of treatment NOR = Normal control rats receiving vehicle (distilled water); DMBA = Rats serving as a negative control, receiving vehicle, TAMOX + DMBA = rats serving as a positive control, receiving tamoxifen (3.3 mg/kg BW); A. macrophylla + DMBA = Rats receiving the aqueous extract of A. macrophylla at doses of 37.5, 75 and 150 mg/kg BW. Data are represented as mean + SD (n = 10). * p< 0.05, ** p< 0.01 and ***p <0.001 as compared to negative control. ####p < 0.001 as compared to normal control
Table 5 Effects of A. macrophylla aqueous extract on hematological parameters after 28 weeks of treatment NOR = Normal control rats receiving vehicle (2% ethanol); DMBA = Rats serving as a negative control, receiving vehicle, TAMOX + DMBA = rat: serving as a positive control, receiving tamoxifen (3.3 mg/kg BW); A. macrophylla + DMBA = Rats receiving the aqueous extract of A. macrophylla a doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg BW. Data are represented as mean + SEM (n = 10). * p< 0.05 as compared to negative control
Table 5 Effects of A. macrophylla aqueous extract on hematological parameters after 28 weeks of treatment NOR = Normal control rats receiving vehicle (2% ethanol); DMBA = Rats serving as a negative control, receiving vehicle, TAMOX + DMBA = rat: serving as a positive control, receiving tamoxifen (3.3 mg/kg BW); A. macrophylla + DMBA = Rats receiving the aqueous extract of A. macrophylla a doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg BW. Data are represented as mean + SEM (n = 10). * p< 0.05 as compared to negative control
Fig. 3 Effects of A. macrophylla aqueous extract on microphotographs (H&E, x 400) of liver, lungs, kidneys, brain and bone after 28 weeks of treatment. a Normal control rats receiving vehicle (distilled water); b Rats serving as a negative control, receiving vehicle; ¢ rats serving as a positive control, receiving tamoxifen (3.3 mg/kg BW); d, e and f Rats receiving
Fig. 3 Effects of A. macrophylla aqueous extract on microphotographs (H&E, x 400) of liver, lungs, kidneys, brain and bone after 28 weeks of treatment. a Normal control rats receiving vehicle (distilled water); b Rats serving as a negative control, receiving vehicle; ¢ rats serving as a positive control, receiving tamoxifen (3.3 mg/kg BW); d, e and f Rats receiving
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