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Table 4. Estimated parameters for the load apportionment model fitted for each stream. RSS: residual sum of squares. NSC: Nash— Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient. STABLE: low-flashiness Danish streams; FLASHY: Uruguayan flashy streams; low- and high-LUI: low and high land use intensity.

Table 4 Estimated parameters for the load apportionment model fitted for each stream. RSS: residual sum of squares. NSC: Nash— Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient. STABLE: low-flashiness Danish streams; FLASHY: Uruguayan flashy streams; low- and high-LUI: low and high land use intensity.

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Source: ! World Reference Soil Database classification, European Commission and European Soil Bureau Network (2004); 2 SOTERLAC database, ISRIC Foundation, (http://www. isric.org). STABLE: low-flashiness Danish streams; FLASHY: Uruguayan flashy streams; low- and high-LUI: low and high land use intensity. Table 1. Site coordinates (datum WGS84), name and catchment size, dominant soils and land use. Danish catchments are part of Gudena River basin, and the Uruguayan streams are part of the Santa Lucia Chico River basin.
Source: ! World Reference Soil Database classification, European Commission and European Soil Bureau Network (2004); 2 SOTERLAC database, ISRIC Foundation, (http://www. isric.org). STABLE: low-flashiness Danish streams; FLASHY: Uruguayan flashy streams; low- and high-LUI: low and high land use intensity. Table 1. Site coordinates (datum WGS84), name and catchment size, dominant soils and land use. Danish catchments are part of Gudena River basin, and the Uruguayan streams are part of the Santa Lucia Chico River basin.
Table 2. Yearly accumulated rainfall and runoff in mm (direct measures), runoff ratio (percentage of rainfall water exported as runoff), an the R-B index (Richards—Baker index) of flashiness for each monitored year. Stormflow contribution: percent contribution of stormflow 1 total flow was estimated for the complete data set (2 years). STABLE: low-flashiness Danish streams; FLASHY: Uruguayan flashy stream low- and high-LUI: low and high land use intensity.
Table 2. Yearly accumulated rainfall and runoff in mm (direct measures), runoff ratio (percentage of rainfall water exported as runoff), an the R-B index (Richards—Baker index) of flashiness for each monitored year. Stormflow contribution: percent contribution of stormflow 1 total flow was estimated for the complete data set (2 years). STABLE: low-flashiness Danish streams; FLASHY: Uruguayan flashy stream low- and high-LUI: low and high land use intensity.
Figure 1. Left panel: mean daily air temperature variation for a tem- perate/STABLE (Danish) and a subtropical/FLASHY (Uruguayan) catchment in 2011. Right panel: boxplots of the same data. The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile, a line within the box marks the median, and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile. Whiskers above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th percentiles. Black dots display outliers.
Figure 1. Left panel: mean daily air temperature variation for a tem- perate/STABLE (Danish) and a subtropical/FLASHY (Uruguayan) catchment in 2011. Right panel: boxplots of the same data. The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile, a line within the box marks the median, and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile. Whiskers above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th percentiles. Black dots display outliers.
Figure 2. Accumulated daily rainfall and specific runoff hydrographs for the four monitored streams (temperate/STABLE: Danish; sub- tropical/FLASHY: Uruguayan). For each variable a fixed scale was used to aid visual comparison. R-B index (Richards—Baker index) of flashiness.
Figure 2. Accumulated daily rainfall and specific runoff hydrographs for the four monitored streams (temperate/STABLE: Danish; sub- tropical/FLASHY: Uruguayan). For each variable a fixed scale was used to aid visual comparison. R-B index (Richards—Baker index) of flashiness.
Figure 3. From top to bottom panels: temporal variation of to- tal (TP), particulate (PP), total dissolved (TDP), and soluble re- active phosphorus (SR the monitored catchme axe to improve vizuali ways expressed as ug the same data. Letters groups according post ary of the box closest P) concentrations from grab samples for all nts. log;g scale was selected on the vertical sation. The phosphorus concentration is al- PL, Right panels: boxplots are based on A, B, and C are used to display statistical hoc paired comparison analysis. The bound- to zero indicates the 25th percentile, a line within the box marks t he median, and the boundary of the box far- thest from zero indicates the 75th percentile. Whiskers above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th percentiles. Black dots dis- play outliers. STABLE: low-flashiness Danish streams; FLASHY: Uruguayan flashy streams; low- and high-LUI: low and high land use intensity.
Figure 3. From top to bottom panels: temporal variation of to- tal (TP), particulate (PP), total dissolved (TDP), and soluble re- active phosphorus (SR the monitored catchme axe to improve vizuali ways expressed as ug the same data. Letters groups according post ary of the box closest P) concentrations from grab samples for all nts. log;g scale was selected on the vertical sation. The phosphorus concentration is al- PL, Right panels: boxplots are based on A, B, and C are used to display statistical hoc paired comparison analysis. The bound- to zero indicates the 25th percentile, a line within the box marks t he median, and the boundary of the box far- thest from zero indicates the 75th percentile. Whiskers above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th percentiles. Black dots dis- play outliers. STABLE: low-flashiness Danish streams; FLASHY: Uruguayan flashy streams; low- and high-LUI: low and high land use intensity.
Figure 4. Scatterplots of total phosphorus (TP) concentrations of instantaneous-grab samples relative to discharge from the four streams. Thi dots connected by lines represent the predicted values according to the load apportionment model (see Table 4). For STABLE catchments only the diffuse originated term of the model is included. Lowest graphs display the predicted TP concentration of all catchments from poin (left panels) and diffuse sources (right panels) for a range of 0 to 1000Ls~—!. Note the logjg scale for TP. STABLE: low-flashiness Danis} streams; FLASHY: Uruguayan flashy streams; low- and high-LUI: low and high land use intensity. 6 G.Goyenola et al.: Monitoring strategies of stream phosphorus under contrasting climate-driven flow regimes
Figure 4. Scatterplots of total phosphorus (TP) concentrations of instantaneous-grab samples relative to discharge from the four streams. Thi dots connected by lines represent the predicted values according to the load apportionment model (see Table 4). For STABLE catchments only the diffuse originated term of the model is included. Lowest graphs display the predicted TP concentration of all catchments from poin (left panels) and diffuse sources (right panels) for a range of 0 to 1000Ls~—!. Note the logjg scale for TP. STABLE: low-flashiness Danis} streams; FLASHY: Uruguayan flashy streams; low- and high-LUI: low and high land use intensity. 6 G.Goyenola et al.: Monitoring strategies of stream phosphorus under contrasting climate-driven flow regimes
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4099-4111, 2015
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4099-4111, 2015
Figure 5. Contribution of particulate phosphorus (PP) to exported total phosphorus (TP). Left boxplots are based on instantaneous- grab sampling and linear interpolation estimation, centre boxplots are based on composite data, and the right boxplot on flow-weighted concentrations. Letters A, B, and C are used to display statistical groups according post hoc paired comparison analysis. The bound- ary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile, a line within the box marks the median, and the boundary of the box far- thest from zero indicates the 75th percentile. Whiskers above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th percentiles. STABLE: low- flashiness Danish streams; FLASHY: Uruguayan flashy streams; low- and high-LUI: low and high land use intensity. G. Goyenola et al.: Monitoring strategies of stream phosphorus under contrasting climate-driven flow regimes 4
Figure 5. Contribution of particulate phosphorus (PP) to exported total phosphorus (TP). Left boxplots are based on instantaneous- grab sampling and linear interpolation estimation, centre boxplots are based on composite data, and the right boxplot on flow-weighted concentrations. Letters A, B, and C are used to display statistical groups according post hoc paired comparison analysis. The bound- ary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile, a line within the box marks the median, and the boundary of the box far- thest from zero indicates the 75th percentile. Whiskers above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th percentiles. STABLE: low- flashiness Danish streams; FLASHY: Uruguayan flashy streams; low- and high-LUI: low and high land use intensity. G. Goyenola et al.: Monitoring strategies of stream phosphorus under contrasting climate-driven flow regimes 4
Table 6. The percentages summarizes the relative fit of alternative estimation methods in relation to the reference annually exported load estimated by the composite sampling programme (see Table 5 for references). 100 % represents the same annual P exported in kg ha! yr. Values below 100% (italics) represent underestimation (less than 90%) relative to the estimation of composite sampling. Values over 110 % (bold) represent overestimation relative to the estimation of composite sampling. STABLE: low-flashiness Danish streams; FLASHY: Uruguayan flashy streams; low- and high-LUI: low and high land use intensity. gion (Table 6). The largest and disproportionate deviations of exported TP were obtained when applying the C-Q model to the FLASHY/low-LUI catchment compared to the high- frequency composite sampling estimates (364-400 %; Ta- ble 6). tributed during the year, with rare or no extreme rainfall events (> 50mm day~!) and lower temperature (and there- fore low evapotranspiration). These conditions resulted in streamflows characterized by higher stability (lower flashi- ness, R-B index =0.1-0.3 in our study). In contrast, the Uruguayan streams exhibited a much higher contribution of stormflow to total flow and higher flashiness (R-B in- dex = 0.9-1.3), reflecting the local climate and likely also soil conditions. As a reference, reported data in the litera- ture include daily maximum values of the R-B index reach- ing 0.43 in mountain streams in Slovakia and Austria (Holko et al., 2011), 0.65 in 30 agriculturally dominated catchments in seven Nordic and Baltic countries (Deelstra et al., 2014), 1.01 at 204 stations in Michigan temperate streams (USA) (Fongers, 2012), and 1.32 at 515 stations in catchments lo- cated in six US Midwestern States (Baker et al., 2004).
Table 6. The percentages summarizes the relative fit of alternative estimation methods in relation to the reference annually exported load estimated by the composite sampling programme (see Table 5 for references). 100 % represents the same annual P exported in kg ha! yr. Values below 100% (italics) represent underestimation (less than 90%) relative to the estimation of composite sampling. Values over 110 % (bold) represent overestimation relative to the estimation of composite sampling. STABLE: low-flashiness Danish streams; FLASHY: Uruguayan flashy streams; low- and high-LUI: low and high land use intensity. gion (Table 6). The largest and disproportionate deviations of exported TP were obtained when applying the C-Q model to the FLASHY/low-LUI catchment compared to the high- frequency composite sampling estimates (364-400 %; Ta- ble 6). tributed during the year, with rare or no extreme rainfall events (> 50mm day~!) and lower temperature (and there- fore low evapotranspiration). These conditions resulted in streamflows characterized by higher stability (lower flashi- ness, R-B index =0.1-0.3 in our study). In contrast, the Uruguayan streams exhibited a much higher contribution of stormflow to total flow and higher flashiness (R-B in- dex = 0.9-1.3), reflecting the local climate and likely also soil conditions. As a reference, reported data in the litera- ture include daily maximum values of the R-B index reach- ing 0.43 in mountain streams in Slovakia and Austria (Holko et al., 2011), 0.65 in 30 agriculturally dominated catchments in seven Nordic and Baltic countries (Deelstra et al., 2014), 1.01 at 204 stations in Michigan temperate streams (USA) (Fongers, 2012), and 1.32 at 515 stations in catchments lo- cated in six US Midwestern States (Baker et al., 2004).
Related topics:
Environmental EngineeringCivil EngineeringEnvironmental ScienceLimnologyStream ecologyCatchment ManagementPhosphorus DynamicsTemperate Climate
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