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Fic. 20. (a)-(f) Evolution of the 2.5 g kg * rainwater mixing ratio isosurface in the three. dimensional numerical simulation from 11 520 to 12 120s. The 1 and 2 g kg”! rainwater mixing ratio contours at z = 35 m (the lowest model level) also are plotted. The view is from the southeast.

Figure 21 Fic. 20. (a)-(f) Evolution of the 2.5 g kg * rainwater mixing ratio isosurface in the three. dimensional numerical simulation from 11 520 to 12 120s. The 1 and 2 g kg”! rainwater mixing ratio contours at z = 35 m (the lowest model level) also are plotted. The view is from the southeast.

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TABLE 1. Summary of objective analysis parameters used for the five DOW cases. The range of the DRC from the DOW, the depth over which observations were obtained at the location of the DRC, horizontal and vertical grid spacing A, Barnes smooth- ing parameter x, and the radius R, from a grid point, beyond which there is no data influence (the ‘‘cutoff radius’), are tabulated.
TABLE 1. Summary of objective analysis parameters used for the five DOW cases. The range of the DRC from the DOW, the depth over which observations were obtained at the location of the DRC, horizontal and vertical grid spacing A, Barnes smooth- ing parameter x, and the radius R, from a grid point, beyond which there is no data influence (the ‘‘cutoff radius’), are tabulated.
FIG. 2. (a)-(e) Equivalent radar reflectivity factor (dBZ.) observed by the KAMA WSR- 88D at an elevation angle of 0.5° from 2223:50 to 2243:48 UTC 29 May 2001. (f)-(j) Equivalent radar reflectivity factor (dBZ,) observed by DOW3 at an elevation angle of 1.5° from 2223:48 to 2243:30 UTC 29 May 2001. The reflectivity is uncalibrated. (k)-(o) Radial velocity (ms ') observed by DOW3 at an elevation angle of 1.5° from 2223:48 to 2243:30 UTC 29 May 2001. In (£)-(0), contours of objectively analyzed azimuthal shear at 200 m are overlaid (0.005 s! contour interval, negative contours are dashed, the zero contour is suppressed). The region shown in (f)-(0) is the region enclosed by a white box in (a)-(e).
FIG. 2. (a)-(e) Equivalent radar reflectivity factor (dBZ.) observed by the KAMA WSR- 88D at an elevation angle of 0.5° from 2223:50 to 2243:48 UTC 29 May 2001. (f)-(j) Equivalent radar reflectivity factor (dBZ,) observed by DOW3 at an elevation angle of 1.5° from 2223:48 to 2243:30 UTC 29 May 2001. The reflectivity is uncalibrated. (k)-(o) Radial velocity (ms ') observed by DOW3 at an elevation angle of 1.5° from 2223:48 to 2243:30 UTC 29 May 2001. In (£)-(0), contours of objectively analyzed azimuthal shear at 200 m are overlaid (0.005 s! contour interval, negative contours are dashed, the zero contour is suppressed). The region shown in (f)-(0) is the region enclosed by a white box in (a)-(e).
FIG. 3. (a)-(c) Objective analyses of the 32-dBZ, isosurface as observed by the KAMA WSR-88D from 2223:50 to 2233:49 UTC 29 May 2001. The contour displayed at the bottom of the domain is the 27-dBZ, reflectivity contour. The view is from the southwest. (d)-(k) Objective analyses of the 8-dBZ, isosurface as observed by DOW3 from 2223:35 to 2231:38 UTC 29 May 2001. The contour displayed at the bottom of the domain is the 3-dBZ, reflectivity contour. DOW3 reflectivity values are uncalibrated; thus, comparisons to (a)-(c) should be made cautiously. The view is from the southeast.
FIG. 3. (a)-(c) Objective analyses of the 32-dBZ, isosurface as observed by the KAMA WSR-88D from 2223:50 to 2233:49 UTC 29 May 2001. The contour displayed at the bottom of the domain is the 27-dBZ, reflectivity contour. The view is from the southwest. (d)-(k) Objective analyses of the 8-dBZ, isosurface as observed by DOW3 from 2223:35 to 2231:38 UTC 29 May 2001. The contour displayed at the bottom of the domain is the 3-dBZ, reflectivity contour. DOW3 reflectivity values are uncalibrated; thus, comparisons to (a)-(c) should be made cautiously. The view is from the southeast.
TABLE 2. Summary of the DOW observations of DRCs documented herein. mary of the DOW observations in this case and the other cases appears in Table 2.
TABLE 2. Summary of the DOW observations of DRCs documented herein. mary of the DOW observations in this case and the other cases appears in Table 2.
Fic. 4. (a)-(c) Equivalent radar reflectivity factor (dBZ.) observed by the KAMA WSR-88D at an elevation angle of 0.5° from 2348:41 to 2358:40 UTC 29 May 2001. (d)-(f) Equivalent radar reflectivity factor (dBZ,) observed by DOW3 at an elevation angle of 1.5° from 2348:55 to 2356:15 UTC 29 May 2001. The reflectivity is uncalibrated. (g)—-(i) Radial velocity (ms ') observed by DOW3 al an elevation angle of 1.5° from 2348:48 to 2356:09 UTC 29 May 2001. In (g)—(i), contours of objectively analyzed azimuthal shear at 200 m are overlaid (0.005 s_' contour interval, negative contours are dashed, the zero contour is suppressed). The region shown ir (d)-(i) is the region enclosed by a white box in (a)-(c).
Fic. 4. (a)-(c) Equivalent radar reflectivity factor (dBZ.) observed by the KAMA WSR-88D at an elevation angle of 0.5° from 2348:41 to 2358:40 UTC 29 May 2001. (d)-(f) Equivalent radar reflectivity factor (dBZ,) observed by DOW3 at an elevation angle of 1.5° from 2348:55 to 2356:15 UTC 29 May 2001. The reflectivity is uncalibrated. (g)—-(i) Radial velocity (ms ') observed by DOW3 al an elevation angle of 1.5° from 2348:48 to 2356:09 UTC 29 May 2001. In (g)—(i), contours of objectively analyzed azimuthal shear at 200 m are overlaid (0.005 s_' contour interval, negative contours are dashed, the zero contour is suppressed). The region shown ir (d)-(i) is the region enclosed by a white box in (a)-(c).
FIG. 5. (a)-(c) Objective analyses of the 40-dBZ, isosurface as observed by the KAMA WSR-88D from 2348:41 to 2358:40 UTC 29 May 2001. The contour displayed at the bottom of the domain is the 35-dBZ, reflectivity contour. The view is from the southeast. (d)-(k) Objective analyses of the 23-dBZ, isosurface as observed by DOW3 from 2347:35 to 2356:09 UTC 29 May 2001. The contour displayed at the bottom of the domain is the 20-dBZ, reflectivity contour. DOW3 reflectivity values are uncalibrated; thus, comparisons to (a)-(c) should be made cautiously. The view is from the southwest.
FIG. 5. (a)-(c) Objective analyses of the 40-dBZ, isosurface as observed by the KAMA WSR-88D from 2348:41 to 2358:40 UTC 29 May 2001. The contour displayed at the bottom of the domain is the 35-dBZ, reflectivity contour. The view is from the southeast. (d)-(k) Objective analyses of the 23-dBZ, isosurface as observed by DOW3 from 2347:35 to 2356:09 UTC 29 May 2001. The contour displayed at the bottom of the domain is the 20-dBZ, reflectivity contour. DOW3 reflectivity values are uncalibrated; thus, comparisons to (a)-(c) should be made cautiously. The view is from the southwest.
FIG. 6. (a), (c), (e), (g), (i), (k) Equivalent radar reflectivity factor (dBZ.) and (b), (d), (£), (h), (j), () radial velocity (m s~') observed by DOW3 at an elevation angle of 0.5° from 2142:55 to 2154:32 UTC 5 Jun 2001. The reflectivity is uncalibrated. In the radial velocity panels, contours of objectively analyzed azimuthal shear at 200 m are overlaid (0.005 s_' contour interval, negative contours are dashed, the zero contour is suppressed).
FIG. 6. (a), (c), (e), (g), (i), (k) Equivalent radar reflectivity factor (dBZ.) and (b), (d), (£), (h), (j), () radial velocity (m s~') observed by DOW3 at an elevation angle of 0.5° from 2142:55 to 2154:32 UTC 5 Jun 2001. The reflectivity is uncalibrated. In the radial velocity panels, contours of objectively analyzed azimuthal shear at 200 m are overlaid (0.005 s_' contour interval, negative contours are dashed, the zero contour is suppressed).
Fic. 7. Objective analyses of the 25-dBZ, isosurface as observed by DOW3 from 2142:55 to 2154:32 UTC 5 Jun 2001. The contour displayed at the bottom of the domain is the 22-dBZ, reflectivity contour. The view is from the southeast.
Fic. 7. Objective analyses of the 25-dBZ, isosurface as observed by DOW3 from 2142:55 to 2154:32 UTC 5 Jun 2001. The contour displayed at the bottom of the domain is the 22-dBZ, reflectivity contour. The view is from the southeast.
FIG. 8. (a)-(c) Equivalent radar reflectivity factor (dBZ.) observed by DOW3 at an eleva- tion angle of 6.0° from 2348:44 to 2353:11 UTC 26 May 2000. The height of the beam is approximately 2.2 km at a range of 15 km. The reflectivity is uncalibrated. (d)-(f) Radial velocity (ms ') observed by DOW3 at an elevation angle of 6.0° from 2348:44 to 2353:11 UTC 26 May 2000. In (d)-(f), contours of objectively analyzed azimuthal shear at 2.4 km are overlaid (0.005 s~' contour interval, negative contours are dashed, the zero contour is sup- pressed).
FIG. 8. (a)-(c) Equivalent radar reflectivity factor (dBZ.) observed by DOW3 at an eleva- tion angle of 6.0° from 2348:44 to 2353:11 UTC 26 May 2000. The height of the beam is approximately 2.2 km at a range of 15 km. The reflectivity is uncalibrated. (d)-(f) Radial velocity (ms ') observed by DOW3 at an elevation angle of 6.0° from 2348:44 to 2353:11 UTC 26 May 2000. In (d)-(f), contours of objectively analyzed azimuthal shear at 2.4 km are overlaid (0.005 s~' contour interval, negative contours are dashed, the zero contour is sup- pressed).
FIG. 9. (a)-(c) Objective analyses of the 25-dBZ, isosurface as observed by DOW3 from 2348:44 to 2353:11 UTC 26 May 2000. The view is from the southeast.
FIG. 9. (a)-(c) Objective analyses of the 25-dBZ, isosurface as observed by DOW3 from 2348:44 to 2353:11 UTC 26 May 2000. The view is from the southeast.
Fic. 10. (a), (b) Equivalent radar reflectivity factor (dBZ,) observed by the KINX WSR-88D at an elevation angle of 0.5° from 0001:15 to 0006:37 UTC 27 May 1997. (c)-(f) Equivalent radar reflectivity factor (dBZ.) observed by DOW2 at an elevation angle of 3.5° from 0003:32 to 0008:00 UTC 27 May 1997. The reflectivity is uncalibrated. (g)-(j) Radial velocity (m s_') observed by DOW2 at an elevation angle of 3.5° from 20003:32 to 0008:00 UTC 27 May 1997. In (g)-(j), contours of objectively analyzed azimuthal shear at 300 m are overlaid (0.010 s ' contour interval, negative contours are dashed, the zero contour is suppressed). The region shown in (c)—(j) is the region enclosed by a white box in (a) and (b).
Fic. 10. (a), (b) Equivalent radar reflectivity factor (dBZ,) observed by the KINX WSR-88D at an elevation angle of 0.5° from 0001:15 to 0006:37 UTC 27 May 1997. (c)-(f) Equivalent radar reflectivity factor (dBZ.) observed by DOW2 at an elevation angle of 3.5° from 0003:32 to 0008:00 UTC 27 May 1997. The reflectivity is uncalibrated. (g)-(j) Radial velocity (m s_') observed by DOW2 at an elevation angle of 3.5° from 20003:32 to 0008:00 UTC 27 May 1997. In (g)-(j), contours of objectively analyzed azimuthal shear at 300 m are overlaid (0.010 s ' contour interval, negative contours are dashed, the zero contour is suppressed). The region shown in (c)—(j) is the region enclosed by a white box in (a) and (b).
FIG. 11. (a)-(c) Objective analyses of the 40-dBZ, isosurface as observed by the KINX WSR-88D from 0001:15 to 0011:38 UTC 27 May 1997. The contour displayed at the bottom of the domain is the 37-dBZ, reflectivity contour. The view is from the south- west.
FIG. 11. (a)-(c) Objective analyses of the 40-dBZ, isosurface as observed by the KINX WSR-88D from 0001:15 to 0011:38 UTC 27 May 1997. The contour displayed at the bottom of the domain is the 37-dBZ, reflectivity contour. The view is from the south- west.
FIG. 13. Zoomed-in view (the location of the domain shown above is indicated in Fig. 14a) of horizontal convergence (—6; gray shading; see legend), vertical vorticity (contoured at 0.04 s_' intervals; the zero contour is suppressed and dashed contours indicate negative vertical vorticity), rainwater mixing ratio (boldface contours at 1 g kg”! intervals starting at 1 g kg™'), zonal wind (10, 15, and 20 m s | dotted contours), and horizontal velocity vectors (see legend; vectors are plotted at every fifth grid point) at 35 m (the lowest model level) at (a) 3480, (b) 3840, (c) 4020, and (d) 4200 s, respectively.
FIG. 13. Zoomed-in view (the location of the domain shown above is indicated in Fig. 14a) of horizontal convergence (—6; gray shading; see legend), vertical vorticity (contoured at 0.04 s_' intervals; the zero contour is suppressed and dashed contours indicate negative vertical vorticity), rainwater mixing ratio (boldface contours at 1 g kg”! intervals starting at 1 g kg™'), zonal wind (10, 15, and 20 m s | dotted contours), and horizontal velocity vectors (see legend; vectors are plotted at every fifth grid point) at 35 m (the lowest model level) at (a) 3480, (b) 3840, (c) 4020, and (d) 4200 s, respectively.
Fic. 14, Rainwater mixing ratio (q,; color shading—see legend), vertical velocity (black contours of 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 ms _}; the lowest contour value of 7 ms_! contour very rough the parameterized terminal fall speed of the rainwater maximum in the DRC at z = 2 km), vertical vorticity (heavy black contours at 0.04 s’ | intervals; the zero contour is suppressed an contours indicate negative vertical vorticity), and horizontal wind vectors (see legend; vectors are plotted at every fifth grid point) at 35 m (the lowest model level) and at 2, 4, and 6 km at (b) 3540, (c) 3660, (d) 3780, (e) 3900, and (f) 4020 s, respectively. The domain shown in Fig. 13 is outlined in red in (a) (35 m).
Fic. 14, Rainwater mixing ratio (q,; color shading—see legend), vertical velocity (black contours of 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 ms _}; the lowest contour value of 7 ms_! contour very rough the parameterized terminal fall speed of the rainwater maximum in the DRC at z = 2 km), vertical vorticity (heavy black contours at 0.04 s’ | intervals; the zero contour is suppressed an contours indicate negative vertical vorticity), and horizontal wind vectors (see legend; vectors are plotted at every fifth grid point) at 35 m (the lowest model level) and at 2, 4, and 6 km at (b) 3540, (c) 3660, (d) 3780, (e) 3900, and (f) 4020 s, respectively. The domain shown in Fig. 13 is outlined in red in (a) (35 m).
Fic. 15. Density potential temperature perturbations (6};thinsphbox; thinsphbox;color shading—see legend), rainwater mixing ratio (black contours at 1 g kg intervals starting at 1 ¢ kg and horizontal vorticity vectors (see legend; vectors are plotted at every fifth grid point) at 35 m (the lowest model level) and at 1, 2, and 4 km at (a) 3420, (b) 3660, and (c) 3900 s, respecti The horizontal domain shown is identical to that in Fig. 14.
Fic. 15. Density potential temperature perturbations (6};thinsphbox; thinsphbox;color shading—see legend), rainwater mixing ratio (black contours at 1 g kg intervals starting at 1 ¢ kg and horizontal vorticity vectors (see legend; vectors are plotted at every fifth grid point) at 35 m (the lowest model level) and at 1, 2, and 4 km at (a) 3420, (b) 3660, and (c) 3900 s, respecti The horizontal domain shown is identical to that in Fig. 14.
Fic. 17. (a)-(f) Evolution of the 4.0 g kg! rainwater mixing ratio (green) and 12 ms"! vertical velocity (gray) isosurfaces in the three-dimensional numerical simulation from (a)-(f) 5820 to 6870 s. The 1, 2, and 3 g kg”! rainwater mixing ratio contours at z = 35 m (the lowest model level) also are plotted. The view is from the southwest.
Fic. 17. (a)-(f) Evolution of the 4.0 g kg! rainwater mixing ratio (green) and 12 ms"! vertical velocity (gray) isosurfaces in the three-dimensional numerical simulation from (a)-(f) 5820 to 6870 s. The 1, 2, and 3 g kg”! rainwater mixing ratio contours at z = 35 m (the lowest model level) also are plotted. The view is from the southwest.
Fic. 18. Rainwater mixing ratio (qg,) at 35 m (the lowest model level; gray shading—see legend), vertical velocity (black contours of 7, 14, 21, and 28 ms’) at 3.5 km, and horizontal velocity vectors (see legend; vectors are plotted at every tenth grid point) at 35 m at (a) 5820, (b) 6030, (c) 6240, (d) 6450, (e) 6660, and (f) 6870 s, respectively. The domain is identical to that shown in Fig. 17.
Fic. 18. Rainwater mixing ratio (qg,) at 35 m (the lowest model level; gray shading—see legend), vertical velocity (black contours of 7, 14, 21, and 28 ms’) at 3.5 km, and horizontal velocity vectors (see legend; vectors are plotted at every tenth grid point) at 35 m at (a) 5820, (b) 6030, (c) 6240, (d) 6450, (e) 6660, and (f) 6870 s, respectively. The domain is identical to that shown in Fig. 17.
main updraft, such as the process that occurs in con- junction with updraft-mesocyclone “‘cycling’’ (type I); and (iii) those that descended down the axis of an am- plifying low-level vertical vorticity maximum (type III). It is not likely that such classifications can be made
main updraft, such as the process that occurs in con- junction with updraft-mesocyclone “‘cycling’’ (type I); and (iii) those that descended down the axis of an am- plifying low-level vertical vorticity maximum (type III). It is not likely that such classifications can be made
FIG. 21. West-east-oriented vertical cross sections through the center of the DRC (a) just prior to DRC occurrence (11 520s) and (b) after the DRC has reached the surface (11 940 s). The cross sections show rainwater mixing ratio (shaded; see legend), vertical velocity (thin black contours; 10 m s_' interval from —5 to 25 ms '; negative contours are dashed), and vertical vorticity (heavy solid contours beginning at 0.04 s~' and contoured at an interval of 0.04 s~').
FIG. 21. West-east-oriented vertical cross sections through the center of the DRC (a) just prior to DRC occurrence (11 520s) and (b) after the DRC has reached the surface (11 940 s). The cross sections show rainwater mixing ratio (shaded; see legend), vertical velocity (thin black contours; 10 m s_' interval from —5 to 25 ms '; negative contours are dashed), and vertical vorticity (heavy solid contours beginning at 0.04 s~' and contoured at an interval of 0.04 s~').
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