Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Figure 2 – uploaded by Ümit Güder

See full PDFdownloadDownload figure
Fig. 2. Polished cross-section of an arrow-head (KU no 10) in unetched state (up) and after Nital etching that revealed two welding lines (down). Obr. 2. Le’tény fez hrotem Sipu (KU €. 10) v neleptaném stavu (nahofe) a po naleptani nitalem, které zobrazilo dvé svafovaci linie (dole).

Figure 2 Polished cross-section of an arrow-head (KU no 10) in unetched state (up) and after Nital etching that revealed two welding lines (down). Obr. 2. Le’tény fez hrotem Sipu (KU €. 10) v neleptaném stavu (nahofe) a po naleptani nitalem, které zobrazilo dvé svafovaci linie (dole).

Related Figures (6)

Fig. 1. Examples of the Anatolian Seljuks Iron Objects; flat bodied arrowhead KU.1 no 09 (left) and a small knife KU.1 no 11 (right) from Kubad-Abad. The locations of the sites mentioned in text: 1 — Egirdir, 2— Kubad Abad, 3 — Samsat. Map by U. Guder. Obr. 1. Priklady anatolskych Zeleznych predmétt z obdobi rumského sultanatu; plochy hrot Sipu KU.1 no 09 (vlevo) a maly nuZ KU.1 no 11 (vpravo) z Kubad-Abad. Lokality zminéné v textu: 1 — Egirdir, 2 —Kubad Abad, 3 — Samsat.
Fig. 1. Examples of the Anatolian Seljuks Iron Objects; flat bodied arrowhead KU.1 no 09 (left) and a small knife KU.1 no 11 (right) from Kubad-Abad. The locations of the sites mentioned in text: 1 — Egirdir, 2— Kubad Abad, 3 — Samsat. Map by U. Guder. Obr. 1. Priklady anatolskych Zeleznych predmétt z obdobi rumského sultanatu; plochy hrot Sipu KU.1 no 09 (vlevo) a maly nuZ KU.1 no 11 (vpravo) z Kubad-Abad. Lokality zminéné v textu: 1 — Egirdir, 2 —Kubad Abad, 3 — Samsat.
and/or the necessary flux to clean the surface had not been applied (fig. 5). The micro-constituents in three knives (SA no 13, 17 and KU.1 no 04) from Samsat and Kubad Abad are different. In two of them (SA no 13 and KU.1 no 04) the carbon content can be estimated at around 2 %. In the microstructure pro-eutectoid enormous cementite particles form chains running parallel to the cross sections. In between, globular or semi- globular pearlite as very fine background could only be detected by SEM observations. For the fully corroded SA no 17, SEM images were used to detect the relics of metal, the ghost structures of cementite grain boundary network and cementite needles. A similar structure is observed in one of the Ulfberht swords and described as formed by smithing a crucible steel billet (Williams 1977). As a characteristic feature of these objects, EDX analysis on solid metal parts gave high manganese content values between 0.50 % and 2.5 %, which fit the crucible steel batches in historical records which mention manganese as an important ingredient since Zozimos of Panopolis 2™ century AD (Gilmour 2009, 139). Both low and high hardness values, varying from 102 to 608 HV0.2, were recorded in multi-phased steel tools. The hardness of arrowheads showing ferritic and pearlitic layers varies hetween 320 and 100 HV0 9 denendinoga on the character of the etrictiure (orain <7e
and/or the necessary flux to clean the surface had not been applied (fig. 5). The micro-constituents in three knives (SA no 13, 17 and KU.1 no 04) from Samsat and Kubad Abad are different. In two of them (SA no 13 and KU.1 no 04) the carbon content can be estimated at around 2 %. In the microstructure pro-eutectoid enormous cementite particles form chains running parallel to the cross sections. In between, globular or semi- globular pearlite as very fine background could only be detected by SEM observations. For the fully corroded SA no 17, SEM images were used to detect the relics of metal, the ghost structures of cementite grain boundary network and cementite needles. A similar structure is observed in one of the Ulfberht swords and described as formed by smithing a crucible steel billet (Williams 1977). As a characteristic feature of these objects, EDX analysis on solid metal parts gave high manganese content values between 0.50 % and 2.5 %, which fit the crucible steel batches in historical records which mention manganese as an important ingredient since Zozimos of Panopolis 2™ century AD (Gilmour 2009, 139). Both low and high hardness values, varying from 102 to 608 HV0.2, were recorded in multi-phased steel tools. The hardness of arrowheads showing ferritic and pearlitic layers varies hetween 320 and 100 HV0 9 denendinoga on the character of the etrictiure (orain <7e
a blacksmith forms a thin sectioned object from starting material with heterogeneous cha- racter by continuous forge and folding procedure. Additionally, recycling and repairs of iron objects were common in medieval smithing since the value of the material itself was not negligible. During the recycling process, forge welding was also applied to consolidate small fragments of iron to bigger ones. This is another procedure which creates a materia containing different phases. Thus, in some cases it is difficult to distinguish between acci- dentally or deliberately formed layers (Lang 1984, 62). Therefore, it is a good strategy to judge the effect of material design to the functionality of the tool. Inspection of medieva knives shows that blades with cutting edges of steel and backs of softer material, such as iron, were the standard (Blakelock — McDonnell 2007, 55). In this case the skill of black- smiths determines the engagement of different materials, since the welding of mild stee and ferritic iron is difficult to apply (Light 2000, 335). Knives with welded-on steel cut- ting edges cannot function well when the steel part is worn off. So, they have to be either repaired or discarded. Therefore, a material which can combine all the most required me- chanical properties, such as hardness, wear-resistance, strength and toughness would be preferred in the whole body of the tool. Crucible steel was an expensive but a very suitab- le material to solve the problem; this was a high-quality material in terms of mechanical properties, valued also for the possibility to reveal an attractive wavy-patterned surface. Two procedures are known how to make a crucible steel. In the first one which was descri- bed by al-Tarsusi in the 12" century, wrought iron is heated by organic matter to increase the carbon content. In the latter, cast iron is used to carburize the wrought iron, as noted by al-Biruni (973-1048) (Williams 2007, 234). Evaluation of the analytical study over Seljuks iron objects provide us with understanding the material and technical concerns of black- smiths to produce the best functioning objects.
a blacksmith forms a thin sectioned object from starting material with heterogeneous cha- racter by continuous forge and folding procedure. Additionally, recycling and repairs of iron objects were common in medieval smithing since the value of the material itself was not negligible. During the recycling process, forge welding was also applied to consolidate small fragments of iron to bigger ones. This is another procedure which creates a materia containing different phases. Thus, in some cases it is difficult to distinguish between acci- dentally or deliberately formed layers (Lang 1984, 62). Therefore, it is a good strategy to judge the effect of material design to the functionality of the tool. Inspection of medieva knives shows that blades with cutting edges of steel and backs of softer material, such as iron, were the standard (Blakelock — McDonnell 2007, 55). In this case the skill of black- smiths determines the engagement of different materials, since the welding of mild stee and ferritic iron is difficult to apply (Light 2000, 335). Knives with welded-on steel cut- ting edges cannot function well when the steel part is worn off. So, they have to be either repaired or discarded. Therefore, a material which can combine all the most required me- chanical properties, such as hardness, wear-resistance, strength and toughness would be preferred in the whole body of the tool. Crucible steel was an expensive but a very suitab- le material to solve the problem; this was a high-quality material in terms of mechanical properties, valued also for the possibility to reveal an attractive wavy-patterned surface. Two procedures are known how to make a crucible steel. In the first one which was descri- bed by al-Tarsusi in the 12" century, wrought iron is heated by organic matter to increase the carbon content. In the latter, cast iron is used to carburize the wrought iron, as noted by al-Biruni (973-1048) (Williams 2007, 234). Evaluation of the analytical study over Seljuks iron objects provide us with understanding the material and technical concerns of black- smiths to produce the best functioning objects.
Fig. 5. Folding line and inhomogeneity of the struc- ture in an arrowhead (EGI no 62). Obr. 5. Pfekladova linie a nehomogennost struktury v hrotu Sipu (EGI €. 62).
Fig. 5. Folding line and inhomogeneity of the struc- ture in an arrowhead (EGI no 62). Obr. 5. Pfekladova linie a nehomogennost struktury v hrotu Sipu (EGI €. 62).
Related topics:
Materials ScienceAnatolian Seljuk History
580 California St., Suite 400
San Francisco, CA, 94104
© 2025 Academia. All rights reserved