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vehicle would be able to visualise data by using the LDWS host application via Bluetooth communication. Besides, a warning message would be shown to the approaching vehicle using LDWS approach to alert the driver of potential lane change by the host vehicle (1* level warning). If the host vehicle manoeveur’s the vehicle to the adjacent lane, audible warning will be trigger as 2™ level warning as outlined in the 1SO17387:2008 standard state diagram. Integrated components of the host and approaching vehicles were placed in two different transparent boxes as prototypes of the vehicles, shown in Figures 5(a) and (b). Four ultrasonic sensors were placed at four different corners of the prototypes and two mobile power banks were used to provide the power source for the prototypes.

Figure 4 vehicle would be able to visualise data by using the LDWS host application via Bluetooth communication. Besides, a warning message would be shown to the approaching vehicle using LDWS approach to alert the driver of potential lane change by the host vehicle (1* level warning). If the host vehicle manoeveur’s the vehicle to the adjacent lane, audible warning will be trigger as 2™ level warning as outlined in the 1SO17387:2008 standard state diagram. Integrated components of the host and approaching vehicles were placed in two different transparent boxes as prototypes of the vehicles, shown in Figures 5(a) and (b). Four ultrasonic sensors were placed at four different corners of the prototypes and two mobile power banks were used to provide the power source for the prototypes.

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Figure 1. ISO 17387:2008 state diagram for LCDAS
Figure 1. ISO 17387:2008 state diagram for LCDAS
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 12, No. 4, August 2023: 2428-2437 On the other hand, Han ef al. [18] proposed a distributed and lightweight physical layer key generation system for secure V2V/vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I]) communication. Authors used LoRa communication, which enables the signal sequence to be measured beforehand for channel probing. Lourenco et al. [19] proposed an integration between V2V and V2I for traffic management. Dedicated roadside unit (RSU) is responsible to store information about traffic conditions under its coverage. Moreover, Leilabadi and Schmidt [20] investigates the potential V2V communication topologies between on-road vehicles in an uncertain mixed environment and in the presence of intelligent and conventional vehicles during on-ramp highway merge.
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 12, No. 4, August 2023: 2428-2437 On the other hand, Han ef al. [18] proposed a distributed and lightweight physical layer key generation system for secure V2V/vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I]) communication. Authors used LoRa communication, which enables the signal sequence to be measured beforehand for channel probing. Lourenco et al. [19] proposed an integration between V2V and V2I for traffic management. Dedicated roadside unit (RSU) is responsible to store information about traffic conditions under its coverage. Moreover, Leilabadi and Schmidt [20] investigates the potential V2V communication topologies between on-road vehicles in an uncertain mixed environment and in the presence of intelligent and conventional vehicles during on-ramp highway merge.
Figure 5. Prototype (a) approaching vehicle and (b) host vehicle
Figure 5. Prototype (a) approaching vehicle and (b) host vehicle
Figure 4. System architecture
Figure 4. System architecture
Figure 6. Mobile applications (a) LDWS approach and (b) LDWS host In this study, a lane change decision aid and warning system using LoRa-based V2V communication technology is designed and developed. Two mobile applications are linked to the protypes to display the contextual information, known as LDWS approach (Figure 6(a)) and LDWS host (Figure 6(b)). The prototypes were manually moved to simulate the driving scenario in an experimental setting. The ultrasonic sensors attached to the approaching vehicle prototype detect the distance data from the host vehicle prototype. Moreover, by using the LDWS approach application, speed data would be captured if it detects the shaking of the mobile device. The shaking action mimicked the movement of the approaching vehicle. Based on Figure 7(a), once the LoRa communication is established and ready, both distance and speed data are transmitted from the approaching vehicle to the host vehicle. Arduino IDE serial monitor was used to prove that the LoRa module were successfully powered up (Figure 7(b)). The connection status of the Bluetooth HC-05 from application, status displayed in green text means Bluetooth module was successfully connected with the smartphone. The data were successfully delivered from LoRa module | (approaching vehicle site) to the LoRa module 2 (host vehicle site) using LoRa based two-way communication. Then, data successfully displayed on host vehicle’s application (LDWS host) by using Bluetooth.
Figure 6. Mobile applications (a) LDWS approach and (b) LDWS host In this study, a lane change decision aid and warning system using LoRa-based V2V communication technology is designed and developed. Two mobile applications are linked to the protypes to display the contextual information, known as LDWS approach (Figure 6(a)) and LDWS host (Figure 6(b)). The prototypes were manually moved to simulate the driving scenario in an experimental setting. The ultrasonic sensors attached to the approaching vehicle prototype detect the distance data from the host vehicle prototype. Moreover, by using the LDWS approach application, speed data would be captured if it detects the shaking of the mobile device. The shaking action mimicked the movement of the approaching vehicle. Based on Figure 7(a), once the LoRa communication is established and ready, both distance and speed data are transmitted from the approaching vehicle to the host vehicle. Arduino IDE serial monitor was used to prove that the LoRa module were successfully powered up (Figure 7(b)). The connection status of the Bluetooth HC-05 from application, status displayed in green text means Bluetooth module was successfully connected with the smartphone. The data were successfully delivered from LoRa module | (approaching vehicle site) to the LoRa module 2 (host vehicle site) using LoRa based two-way communication. Then, data successfully displayed on host vehicle’s application (LDWS host) by using Bluetooth.
Figure 8. Alert message received from host vehicle (warning) (a) application and (b) termina
Figure 8. Alert message received from host vehicle (warning) (a) application and (b) termina
Related topics:
Transport EngineeringVehicle-to-GridConnected vehicleLane departure warning system
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