Unity Platform was used for the AR application we made. Unity provides simulations and video game development for computers, consoles and mobile devices. Our application is designed with the help of C programming language through Unity Platform. Mapbox Unity SDK, developed by Mapbox, contributes to th use of the data saved in Mapbox on the Unity Platform, via web service. Through the World Alignment kit include in the Mapbox Unity SDK, augmented reality application on the Unity Platform has been enabled. With the Worl Alignment kit, it enables the visualization of the personalized geographical data in Mapbox Studio on the Unit Platform with the support of web services, and the display of physical world-scale geographic data. By means o Arcore software, location determination of the ground and access to spatial information are provided. Sinc ARCore software supports Android 7.0 (level 24) and higher, the minimum Android version is 7.0 (level 24). Th application prepared accordingly will be able to be installed on all devices with Android operating systen compatible with ARCore. In our study, the Redmi Note 8 (2017) device produced by Xiaomi was used as a tes device. In the study, a region located in the Seyrantepe neighborhood of Karak6prii district of Sanliurfa was chosen as the study area. An android-based mobile augmented reality application was prepared by using the data of drinking water and sewerage networks in our study area (Figure 1). Figure 2. Unity Workbench (MapBox, 2021) Unity Software version 2018.3.1 was used in the design process of the mobile AR application. A new project was created in Unity Software and this project was organized as an Android-based mobile application (Figure 2). Figure 3. Screenshot of Mapbox Studio Figure 4. Screenshot of Mapbox Unity SDK The application started to be designed by importing Mapbox Unity SDK 2.1.0, which was produced by Mapbox, 0 the Unity Platform. The Mapbox Unity SDK transferred to the Unity environment contributes to the design of ocation-based games and augmented reality applications (Figure 4). These services provided by Mapbox can be used free of charge until a certain use, while charges are made for additional uses. In the application we have designed, care has been taken to use free software. Since the Mapbox Unity SDK is imported into the Unity environment, an access token information is requested. Mapbox users can create tokens in their Mapbox accounts for the application they will design for themselves and can access statistical information about these tokens (Figure 5). While designing applications via Unity software, it is possible to visualize with desired icons by uploading images in .png format to the buttons on the main screen. While designing our application, care was taken to make an understandable design by using images suitable for the buttons on the main screen (Figure 6). additional uses. In the application we have designed, care has been taken to use free software. Since the Mapbox In the AR_Aligned_Map object we have two geographic data layers that we have set up in map layers; drinking water data and sewage data. After our geographical data layers are opened in unity with their id information, the visuality of this data is adjusted from the data layer section. With Mapbox Geographic Services, the visualization of the data opened in unity on the unity platform has also been made possible (Figure 8). In the application we have designed, synchronization of geographical data is provided automatically. In the tests we have done with the geographical data that we have created the visualization; direction problems have been encountered in the linear geographical data. We have added manual adjustment feature for editing the direction related problems. We made functional definitions for the buttons by making changes in the codes on the AR_Controller in order to manually edit the data with the help of buttons (Figure 9). On mobile phones, it takes time to regain GPS accuracy after users move. In the application we designed, a function was added to update the map with the help of a GPS button. In the first tests we made, it was observed that the data on the map could not be precisely positioned after moving for a while using the application. Functional features have been added to the GPS button by making adjustment in AR_ Aligned _Map_ Object (Figure 10). We designed the AR application, which we created by making the necessary arrangements through the Unity platform, to work in harmony with Android operating system 7.0 and above mobile devices. In our application, which also includes Google ARCORE support, the infrastructure data is visualized in an augmented reality environment. Image 1. Designer working in Tilt Brush interface “In every moment of history, different forms of expression have emerged depending on the political characteristics of the period, their way of thinking and their tastes” (Freund, 2016, p. 7). Virtual reality technologies gained significant momentum after the 2000s, and thanks to the hardware and software that emerged in this field, the doors of a brand- new work production and presentation medium were opened for artists and designers. Big technology companies have started to make serious investments in virtual reality equipment, so a variety of virtual reality equipment has been offered to users. This hardware, which was created by the combination of optical, electronic and computer technologies, has turned into a new medium for artists and designers to produce works (Image 1). The first emergence of virtual reality as an idea is based on writer Ray Bradbury's story "The Veldt” dated September 23, 1950, published in The Saturday Evening Post Magazine. American writer Ray Bradbury, in his story The Veldt, whose real name is The World the Children Made, published in 1950, shows the African images played by children in 3D, while talking about a system that can give senses such as sound and smell. Parents, who think that children's interest in the virtual African world has reached alarming levels, disappear after communicating their decision to eliminate this virtual world to their children. At the end of the story, African lions in the virtual world tear the two people apart. Children who continue to live in their virtual worlds are happy (Bradbury, 1950). Ray Bradbury is considered to be the creator of the concept of virtual reality with this extraordinary story. With this story of Ray Bradbury, the idea that we can enter virtual environments in the future by using technological equipment in 1950 is seen as a visionary perspective on the possible development of virtual reality technologies (Image 2). The first use of virtual reality as a technological device was realized with the device called "Sensorama” developed by Morton Heilig and Bob Sproull in 1957 (ilisulu, 2019, p. 33). The device named "Sensorama” aimed to realize the virtual reality experience by appealing to the senses of sight, hearing and smell of the viewers. The device, which displays a two-dimensional image in three dimensions with the illusion of depth, works with a stereoscopic principle (Image: 3). Image 3. The Sensorama virtual reality device, which Morton Heilig first mentioned in 1955 article titled "Cinema of the Future". Image 4. Sword of Democles, the first computer-aided virtual reality system developed by Ivan Sutherland in 1966. Image 6. Modern virtual reality helmet and touch control devices. Today's equipment is mostly offered with advanced DoF systems, electronic lenses, headphones and touch control devices. These hardware, with their resolution, image processing speed, key combinations and interface features, offer their users the opportunity to experience the virtual reality dimension through movies, games and design software (Image 6). Image 5. Nintendo's virtual reality hardware called Virtual Boy. Image 7. SenseGlove Nova virtual reality glove. TactSuit X Series haptic vests, launched by BHaptics in 2021, aim to provide the user with the upper body toucl feeling in a virtual reality environment (Image 8). 3. Adobe Medium Virtual Reality Design Software Image 9. Character design steps in Adobe Medium software. Image 11. Character modeling steps. Features such as shaping tools, elastic motion tool, stamp library and studio sharing in the software interface allow modeling by using the hardware's touch control devices (Image 11). Image 10. Sketch image used for modelling. The software interface, which provides intuitive use, offers a sensitive working environment where the designer can shape her ideas as wishes in an unlimited canvas with X, Y and Z axis (Image 10). Image 12. Image showing the exported design being displayed in a virtual reality environment. Thanks to the export option in the file panel of Adobe Medium software, the designs created in the software can be exported with raw, real-time and 3D printing options, and they can be edited in OBJ or FBX formats during this transfer (Image 12). Image 13. Animated visuals designed in Quill software. Another software, Quill VR, has an interface that allows us to make both 3D drawings and illustrations in virtua reality, and also enables us to create animated movies by activating our work (Image 13). While designing the characters in Quill software, the characteristic reflections of the thoughts that make up the character were primarily expressed in the form of pattern sketches. Then, these drawings are transferred to the Quill software interface and made three-dimensional with the tools in the Paint Panel (Image 14). Image 14. Sketch drawings before character modeling in Quill software. Image 16. Digital painting in Quill software. After the modeling of the concepts is completed, the characters can be digitally painted and the rendering phase of the concept can be realized in real-time within the software. Thus, the digital painting process can be applied on the three: dimensional character (Image 16). Due to the nature of virtual reality software, thanks to the freedom of movement of the hand, intuitive working similai to real life can be used in the design process, and the detailing of the design with control devices can be performec within the interface panels (https://pc.tc/OY9h) (Image 15). Image 17. Character models in the Gravity Sketch interface. Image 18. Character sketch drawings and character models in Gravity Sketch scene. Image 19. Characters modeled in Gravity Sketch software. Gravity Sketch, a real-time design software where sketches and drafts can be converted into detailed 3D models, makes it possible to view and manage designs on the desktop and integrate the software into the workflow using the cloud platform called LandingPad (Image 19). Image 20. View of the character modeled in Gravity Sketch software from 3 different angles. One of the most important advantages that the software offers to its users is the free sketch panels and tools included in it. These tools, in which the designer can quickly express the sketches drawn as 3D models, are the version of a technique similar to real-life free drawing exercises, created to be performed on a three-dimensional basis in a virtual environment (Image 20). Virtual reality is usually used in hospitality sector for the establishment of virtual travel experiences by using 360 degree video technology. From VR, the viewer will encounter a virtual recreation of different aspects of travel like visiting some place and observing the surroundings. Virtual hotel tours are done by using this virtual hotel visit through VR technology. This provides the guests to have a brief overview of a hotel (Lam & Qu, 2007). Most of t he websites of some hotels are allowing this latest VR feature inbuilt in it which allows viewers to have a clear look of a hotel room, or others parts of hotel, before they get accommodated in it (Shim & Lee, 2011). Hence the above virtual tours are best encountered with a Virtual Reality glasses or devices and by using 360 degree video technology t access to view the hotel room without access to a headset. here will be 4. Importance of VR in Cultural Bias Table 2.0 Journals Table 1. The descriptive statistics of the research questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 According to Table 1, 54,5% of the participants have heard of the use of AR technology in education, while 45,5% of them have not heard of it. Though four participants have heard of the use of AR technology in ELT, seven participants have not heard of the use of AR technology in ELT. 36,4% of the participants have used AR technology to teach English in their English language classes, but 63,6% of the participants have not used it. None of the participants (f=11) have received any pre-service and in-service training about how to use AR technology in ELT. All participants would like to participate if there is an opportunity to take an in-service course about the use of AR technology in ELT. Table 1 below presents the descriptive statistics of the research questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Table 2. The content analysis of the research questions 7, 8, and 9 In terms of the knowledge about AR technology, according to Table |, combining the real world with virtual reality is what five participants know about AR technology though three participants state they do not know anything about AR technology. To illustrate: The content analysis of the qualitative data was presented in Table 2 below. Figure 1: DJJ ENTERPRISE PHANTOM 4 RTK UAV used for this flight mission and flight plan example In this study, Sf{M Photogrammetry has been used to make scaled and realistically textured models of buildings within an archaeological sites and artefacts that had been excavated there. It should be remembered that while the quality of textured 3d model depends on the image quality, the completeness of the 3d model requires the availability of images of all sides. Figure 2: Terrestrial image capturing example for Structure from motion During a first step, photographs of the entire Inner Castle were taken using a DJI ENTERPRISE PHANTOM 4 RTK juadrocopter equipped with an in-build 1-inch, 20-megapixel CMOS sensor. They served as a data input for creating 1 3D model by making use of AGISOFTR software. During a second step, 3D models of selected objects that had yeen excavated at Harran archaeological site were generated. A total of 10 models could be finished until now with nost of them originating from the Middle Ages while some data back to middle and late stone age. Figure 3: 3D model of Harran Inner Castle showing the current state Figure 4: One exhibition hall of the virtual museum Figure 5: 3D model of a jar made of terracotta used for measuring purposes 2.3. Advantages of AR/MR in Education Figure 1. Illustration of VR for Developing Architecture 1.5. Accessibility Figure 2. Pictorial representation of benefits 3. Benefits of VR in Architecture Figure 3. Logo of Twin motion Twinmotion is a visual design tool that works seamlessly with various AEC models. It is powered byUnreal Engine and allows users to generate stunning visuals in a brief period. Twinmotion is a 3D and visualization program that allows users to work on large projects much faster. It's also designed to provide better performance than competing solutions. The MSRP for Twinmotion is $499 for a perpetual license". Figure 4. Image Depicting The Functions Of Twin Motion 4.3. Shapespark Shapespark is used by architects, designers, and archviz experts to showcase designs and produce realistic visualizations for real estate marketing initiatives. Shapespark enables the architectural designer to develop real-time browser simulations with physically realistic lighting, perfect for client meetings and presentations. The visuals may be shared via links, and they work with the Oculus Rift VR device to provide a stereoscopic 3D perspective to users. Because Shapespark makes use of WebGL, a web technology that is accepted by all contemporary browsers and operating systems by default, visualisations may be examined directly in the browser without the need for plugins. Shapespark, unlike static renderings, lets viewers freely enter and walk around a location, inspecting every aspect. 4.4, Features of shapespark High-quality real-time rendering : Realistic lighting and materials without the use of a sophisticatedcomputei 5. Multifaceted Applications of VR Mixed reality experience is a amalgamation of elements of both Imixed reality and virtual reality, in which real world objects interact with digital world objects, Mixed reality is the technology that is just being launched with Microsofts Hololen’s to be most effective early provisions of MR. There are various provisions that are used to create a Mixed Reality environment, and they are evolving over time. Because this is a very new technology, various research is being conducted in various research institutes of multinational corporations and educational institutes. Some of the Mixed Reality provisions which are currently is use are as follows. The following are some examples of Mixed Reality provisions that are used in education: Figure 4. Information about the provisions of Mixed Reality Students gave varying responses on the Mixed Reality provisions which they know, have used or even heard about the provisions, results are as mentioned below: Figure 4. Answer Rate On first question how many students are familiar with Mixed Reality. About 50% students answered yes and about 50% students answered no, which clearly shows that nearly half the students are aware of Mixed Reality, and its use in education.
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