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Table 5 Analysis Results for the SpNS Case- Shelter usage optimization

Table 5 Analysis Results for the SpNS Case- Shelter usage optimization

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www.elsevier.com/locate/ijdr $2212-4209(17)30150-4 https://do1.org/10.1016/).4ydrr.2017.12.006 IJDRR732
www.elsevier.com/locate/ijdr $2212-4209(17)30150-4 https://do1.org/10.1016/).4ydrr.2017.12.006 IJDRR732
population of about 4,244,501 people. The region is heavily dominated by tourism, international trade and industry serving, bringing also a demographic diversity to the region. Additionally, major infrastructure such as airports, seaports, arguably Florida’s busiest highways makes the region unique. However, experiencing numerous hurricanes brings other challenges with this significant activity in order to move forward. The study region, is shown in Figure 1. Historically, South Florida is the most hurricane prone area of the State of Florida. Between 1910 and 2010, 41 major hurricanes occurred, and approximately every ten years South Florida gets a Category 3 hurricane [78]. In this paper, main focus will be Category 3 hurricanes while creating the scenarios in the following sections; however, the approach is applicable for higher and lower strength hurricanes as well. Please see Figure 2 for storm surge zones for Category 3 and lower strength hurricanes and evacuation zones A, B and C for a Category 3 hurricane [79]. Note that evacuation zones are created based on storm surge maps by the Florida Division of Emergency Management. Using these maps, population block locations and shelters under risk are identified. Those shelters that are in the evacuation zones are not considered as destinations. Population blocks in the evacuation zones are defined as origins whereas the shelters are destinations. Several assumptions are made to facilitate the evacuation between these origin and destinations, which will be discussed in the following sections.
population of about 4,244,501 people. The region is heavily dominated by tourism, international trade and industry serving, bringing also a demographic diversity to the region. Additionally, major infrastructure such as airports, seaports, arguably Florida’s busiest highways makes the region unique. However, experiencing numerous hurricanes brings other challenges with this significant activity in order to move forward. The study region, is shown in Figure 1. Historically, South Florida is the most hurricane prone area of the State of Florida. Between 1910 and 2010, 41 major hurricanes occurred, and approximately every ten years South Florida gets a Category 3 hurricane [78]. In this paper, main focus will be Category 3 hurricanes while creating the scenarios in the following sections; however, the approach is applicable for higher and lower strength hurricanes as well. Please see Figure 2 for storm surge zones for Category 3 and lower strength hurricanes and evacuation zones A, B and C for a Category 3 hurricane [79]. Note that evacuation zones are created based on storm surge maps by the Florida Division of Emergency Management. Using these maps, population block locations and shelters under risk are identified. Those shelters that are in the evacuation zones are not considered as destinations. Population blocks in the evacuation zones are defined as origins whereas the shelters are destinations. Several assumptions are made to facilitate the evacuation between these origin and destinations, which will be discussed in the following sections.
Figure 3 Pet Friendly, SpNS and Regular Shelter Locations in Miami-Dade and Broward Counties
Figure 3 Pet Friendly, SpNS and Regular Shelter Locations in Miami-Dade and Broward Counties
for their pets not only in terms of capacity but also accessibility. Note that there is no other pet-friendly shelter in 100-mile radius other than those two ARC- approved designated pet-friendly shelters available in Miami-Dade and Broward counties outside the Category 3 evacuation zone (Figure 4). This creates another obstacle for those evacuees to find refuge for their pets not only in terms of capacity but also accessibility.
for their pets not only in terms of capacity but also accessibility. Note that there is no other pet-friendly shelter in 100-mile radius other than those two ARC- approved designated pet-friendly shelters available in Miami-Dade and Broward counties outside the Category 3 evacuation zone (Figure 4). This creates another obstacle for those evacuees to find refuge for their pets not only in terms of capacity but also accessibility.
Figure 7 shows that evacuation is completed in 28 hours for this scenario, and the highest -vacuation volume is observed at the 12" hour. As such, we choose the 12" hour as that time segment vith the most congested/loaded network to be used for the optimization analysis. Note that, this election can be extended to other time segments of the evacuation (e.g., 6" hour, 18" hour and others) yased on the demand curve for real-time decision making purposes. This type of analysis can help to imulate extra delays associated with an emergency evacuation, and to explore whether the choice of vhich shelter to repurpose is sensitive to travel costs for different time segments dynamically.
Figure 7 shows that evacuation is completed in 28 hours for this scenario, and the highest -vacuation volume is observed at the 12" hour. As such, we choose the 12" hour as that time segment vith the most congested/loaded network to be used for the optimization analysis. Note that, this election can be extended to other time segments of the evacuation (e.g., 6" hour, 18" hour and others) yased on the demand curve for real-time decision making purposes. This type of analysis can help to imulate extra delays associated with an emergency evacuation, and to explore whether the choice of vhich shelter to repurpose is sensitive to travel costs for different time segments dynamically.
For both cases, we observe that the shore areas (Evacuation zones A and B) experience high amount of travel costs in terms of time, which is a critical problem that should be explored in more depth. For this purpose, optimization models that can locate additional sites or shelter locations are needed in order to improve the shelter allocation while minimizing the travel costs.
For both cases, we observe that the shore areas (Evacuation zones A and B) experience high amount of travel costs in terms of time, which is a critical problem that should be explored in more depth. For this purpose, optimization models that can locate additional sites or shelter locations are needed in order to improve the shelter allocation while minimizing the travel costs.
Figure 10 STA and DTA Shelter Siting for the Pet-friendly Case with 30% demand a) 15% shelter capacity b) 25% shelter capacity c) 50% shelter capacity
Figure 10 STA and DTA Shelter Siting for the Pet-friendly Case with 30% demand a) 15% shelter capacity b) 25% shelter capacity c) 50% shelter capacity
Note that; D1 and D2 are designated shelters and they are utilized by default. Shelters in red show those sited in STA but not in DTA. Shelters in green shows those sited in DTA but not in STA. Table 4 Analysis Results for the Pet-friendly Shelter Case — Shelter usage optimization
Note that; D1 and D2 are designated shelters and they are utilized by default. Shelters in red show those sited in STA but not in DTA. Shelters in green shows those sited in DTA but not in STA. Table 4 Analysis Results for the Pet-friendly Shelter Case — Shelter usage optimization
Note that; D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9 and D10 are designated shelters and they are utilized by default. Shelters in red show those sited in STA but not in DTA. Shelters in green show those sited in DTA but not in STA.
Note that; D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9 and D10 are designated shelters and they are utilized by default. Shelters in red show those sited in STA but not in DTA. Shelters in green show those sited in DTA but not in STA.
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GeographyDisaster risk reduction
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