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Figure 10 a) Iron Hellenistic plain Laconian key with three prongs from Thrace/Greece (After Haddad, 1995, plate 112, a). b) Haddad reconstruction of the simple wooden Laco- nian Lock (Option 1) ( After haddad, 1995, plate 113). c) Hellenistic sliding bolt lock of wood with metal key (Op- tion 2) (After

Figure 10 a) Iron Hellenistic plain Laconian key with three prongs from Thrace/Greece (After Haddad, 1995, plate 112, a). b) Haddad reconstruction of the simple wooden Laco- nian Lock (Option 1) ( After haddad, 1995, plate 113). c) Hellenistic sliding bolt lock of wood with metal key (Op- tion 2) (After

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Figure 1a A wooden bar hold a double gates together in a straight line (https//Awww.youtube.com/watch?v=fx- MuPKoal4, 2015). However, little is known about the ancient metal bars; examples of iron bars were preserved in some early Hellenistic Macedonian tombs, within the marble doorways, as it is evident from Eurydice omb (circa 340 BCE) at Vergina/Aegae- the old Mac- edonian capital- and Potidaeas tomb at Chalkidiki end of the 4th century BCE). The width of those iron bars were about 5 cm.
Figure 1a A wooden bar hold a double gates together in a straight line (https//Awww.youtube.com/watch?v=fx- MuPKoal4, 2015). However, little is known about the ancient metal bars; examples of iron bars were preserved in some early Hellenistic Macedonian tombs, within the marble doorways, as it is evident from Eurydice omb (circa 340 BCE) at Vergina/Aegae- the old Mac- edonian capital- and Potidaeas tomb at Chalkidiki end of the 4th century BCE). The width of those iron bars were about 5 cm.
Figure 1c Bolt-sockets in the doorway posts for bar lock- ing from Roman Ostia/ Horrea ( Riekman, 1971, fig. 3). Though, large bar locks and bolt/pen as primi- tive key forms are required to secure larger beams and doorways; it appears that defensive structures relied on these simple methods of securing from unwanted entry as is evident by large numbers of ancient doorways’ remains (Husselman, 1979, 40-41).
Figure 1c Bolt-sockets in the doorway posts for bar lock- ing from Roman Ostia/ Horrea ( Riekman, 1971, fig. 3). Though, large bar locks and bolt/pen as primi- tive key forms are required to secure larger beams and doorways; it appears that defensive structures relied on these simple methods of securing from unwanted entry as is evident by large numbers of ancient doorways’ remains (Husselman, 1979, 40-41).
As an exception, however, to this system, are some interesting straightforward metal simple de- vices for only one use. These are found in many ear- y Hellenistic marble doors at Macedonian tombs. They are preserved in situ at Phillip II tomb, Prince omb, Romious and Bella tombs at Vergina (Haddad, 1995, 213). The locking device consists of a small ver- ical bolt-pin (kataraktis), with a small piece of rope (chalstirion), and bolt socket (ballanodoki) in the hreshold. The functional approach of this "chalstirion kataraktis" device is shown in Fig. 2.
As an exception, however, to this system, are some interesting straightforward metal simple de- vices for only one use. These are found in many ear- y Hellenistic marble doors at Macedonian tombs. They are preserved in situ at Phillip II tomb, Prince omb, Romious and Bella tombs at Vergina (Haddad, 1995, 213). The locking device consists of a small ver- ical bolt-pin (kataraktis), with a small piece of rope (chalstirion), and bolt socket (ballanodoki) in the hreshold. The functional approach of this "chalstirion kataraktis" device is shown in Fig. 2.
Figure 3 a) Second Homeric type Celtic angled bronze key (length 40.5 cm) from Artemis temple in Lusoi, Arcadia (5th century BCE). The original is at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston (Sketch by the author). b) A temple servant carries a giant Homeric key on her shoulder form an Attic votive relief of the fifth century BCE (After Diels, 1914, 40. fig 19). c) Representation of a young priest woman opening tho Troacyrn danraith Hnmoric kouan aecrlacear (titth
Figure 3 a) Second Homeric type Celtic angled bronze key (length 40.5 cm) from Artemis temple in Lusoi, Arcadia (5th century BCE). The original is at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston (Sketch by the author). b) A temple servant carries a giant Homeric key on her shoulder form an Attic votive relief of the fifth century BCE (After Diels, 1914, 40. fig 19). c) Representation of a young priest woman opening tho Troacyrn danraith Hnmoric kouan aecrlacear (titth
Ihe first type 1s with double bent side or the “bent pressure key". Such examples were found at Argos, at the urban Heraion and at Paestum (Fig. 4. a), and at the Acropolis of Bylazora, dated to end of the fifth century BCE (Fig. 4. b). In this type the key shape is resembling the human collarbone, which thus gained its name of key-bone or clavicle (Diehls, 1914, 46). Figure. 4. a) First type of double bent side votive keys from Paestum (Resco, http//www.tfahr.org/key.html, fig 8). b) First type of iron votive key discovered at Bylazora, (After Resco, 2009, http//www.tfahr.org/key.html, fig 1)
Ihe first type 1s with double bent side or the “bent pressure key". Such examples were found at Argos, at the urban Heraion and at Paestum (Fig. 4. a), and at the Acropolis of Bylazora, dated to end of the fifth century BCE (Fig. 4. b). In this type the key shape is resembling the human collarbone, which thus gained its name of key-bone or clavicle (Diehls, 1914, 46). Figure. 4. a) First type of double bent side votive keys from Paestum (Resco, http//www.tfahr.org/key.html, fig 8). b) First type of iron votive key discovered at Bylazora, (After Resco, 2009, http//www.tfahr.org/key.html, fig 1)
Figure 5 a) Second type Homeric lock and key from the wooden door of the Macedonian tomb II in Dion (After Haddad, 1995,plate 110, c). b) Haddad’s proposed recon- struction of the second type Homeric Lock (After Haddad, 1995, plate 111).
Figure 5 a) Second type Homeric lock and key from the wooden door of the Macedonian tomb II in Dion (After Haddad, 1995,plate 110, c). b) Haddad’s proposed recon- struction of the second type Homeric Lock (After Haddad, 1995, plate 111).
(Pace, 2014, 7). Just the same can be said about the manufacture and form of the lock mechanism; it will at least pronounce the type of the key, if not the ex- act formation that is needed for any reconstruction endeavor. Figure 6 a) Brinkman and Diels (1924) proposed recon- struction of the second type wooden Homeric lock ( Diels, 1924, 50, fig. 14) b) Haddad’s proposed reconstruction of the second type wooden Homeric Lock ( After Haddad, 1995, plate 109, b)
(Pace, 2014, 7). Just the same can be said about the manufacture and form of the lock mechanism; it will at least pronounce the type of the key, if not the ex- act formation that is needed for any reconstruction endeavor. Figure 6 a) Brinkman and Diels (1924) proposed recon- struction of the second type wooden Homeric lock ( Diels, 1924, 50, fig. 14) b) Haddad’s proposed reconstruction of the second type wooden Homeric Lock ( After Haddad, 1995, plate 109, b)
Figure 7 a) Wooden lock from Karpathos (Dawkins, BSA, X, 1902-3, 192-3, fig.8). b) Hand-crafted wooden door lock from the traditional village San Benedetto in Perillis, Ita- ly (Soldati, 2012,
Figure 7 a) Wooden lock from Karpathos (Dawkins, BSA, X, 1902-3, 192-3, fig.8). b) Hand-crafted wooden door lock from the traditional village San Benedetto in Perillis, Ita- ly (Soldati, 2012,
Finally, in comparison with the latter Laconian lock, the Homeric locking mechanism provides little security. However, the Homeric lock practice in some Macedonian tombs’ doors, appear to be manu- factured not only for practical reasons, but also for a symbolic sealing of the property, as well as an actual restriction of access to property.
Finally, in comparison with the latter Laconian lock, the Homeric locking mechanism provides little security. However, the Homeric lock practice in some Macedonian tombs’ doors, appear to be manu- factured not only for practical reasons, but also for a symbolic sealing of the property, as well as an actual restriction of access to property.
From the Ptolemaic period similar metal keys were also found. Figure 11.b shows a key from the product of this technically advanced period flourish- ing under the Ptolemais!*. Interestingly enough is hat, such locks and keys of small sizes were used also for small boxes. Such locks and keys were found in Veroia in Macedonia/Greece in some rock-cut ombs dated to the second century BCE. The key ength is only about 5cm and the bit is designed with double rows each with four prongs.
From the Ptolemaic period similar metal keys were also found. Figure 11.b shows a key from the product of this technically advanced period flourish- ing under the Ptolemais!*. Interestingly enough is hat, such locks and keys of small sizes were used also for small boxes. Such locks and keys were found in Veroia in Macedonia/Greece in some rock-cut ombs dated to the second century BCE. The key ength is only about 5cm and the bit is designed with double rows each with four prongs.
are found with double or triple rows as shown in the example from Jerash in Jordan (Fig. 12a). They are also found in more developed forms at early Chris- tian Delphi, Delos, Corinth, and Dodoni (Haddad, 1995, 219-220). In these examples, wards come in a variety of shapes and sizes to correspond with the small size keys.
are found with double or triple rows as shown in the example from Jerash in Jordan (Fig. 12a). They are also found in more developed forms at early Chris- tian Delphi, Delos, Corinth, and Dodoni (Haddad, 1995, 219-220). In these examples, wards come in a variety of shapes and sizes to correspond with the small size keys.
Figure 13 a) Illustration showing the main parts of the Roman smart Laconian Lock, and the functional approac of opening and closing (After Gaheis, 1930, 239, fig. 115). | The same Roman Tumbler Lock mod dated to the 1st-2nc Century ACE.(Reconstruction) Courtesy of the Deutsche: Museum, Muenchen ( After Pace, 2014, 55, Fig. 5). tic period door locks and keys of this type (10-15 cm by 5cm) started to utilize the ward tumbler spring techno role in ogy. The spring technology palyed a major the determination of the evolution of the later Roman metal springs' locking mechanism with more elegan and smaller dimensions keys (4 to 5cm). Though, this locking mechanism spring type was not introduced by the Romans as it was believed, but by the ear y Hellenistic creative technicians.
Figure 13 a) Illustration showing the main parts of the Roman smart Laconian Lock, and the functional approac of opening and closing (After Gaheis, 1930, 239, fig. 115). | The same Roman Tumbler Lock mod dated to the 1st-2nc Century ACE.(Reconstruction) Courtesy of the Deutsche: Museum, Muenchen ( After Pace, 2014, 55, Fig. 5). tic period door locks and keys of this type (10-15 cm by 5cm) started to utilize the ward tumbler spring techno role in ogy. The spring technology palyed a major the determination of the evolution of the later Roman metal springs' locking mechanism with more elegan and smaller dimensions keys (4 to 5cm). Though, this locking mechanism spring type was not introduced by the Romans as it was believed, but by the ear y Hellenistic creative technicians.
One of the greatest challenges, however, is how to assess the findings of the related locks and keys' material that was published. We have to clarify that, as we rely mainly on key remains, it is not always easy to determine precisely the design for which the lock type was used. However, many findings and other indicators can shed light on this matter. It is hoped that this section shall illustrate the potential of such a line of inquiry and to provide a starting point for further discussion at a new level. Figure 14 Illustration showing the so-called Egyptian lock parts and mechanism.
One of the greatest challenges, however, is how to assess the findings of the related locks and keys' material that was published. We have to clarify that, as we rely mainly on key remains, it is not always easy to determine precisely the design for which the lock type was used. However, many findings and other indicators can shed light on this matter. It is hoped that this section shall illustrate the potential of such a line of inquiry and to provide a starting point for further discussion at a new level. Figure 14 Illustration showing the so-called Egyptian lock parts and mechanism.
Table 1 Comparison between the Hellenistic smart Laco- nian locks and Roman spring Locks The following is a brief overview of the two main locking types that were in large use in the Roman period.
Table 1 Comparison between the Hellenistic smart Laco- nian locks and Roman spring Locks The following is a brief overview of the two main locking types that were in large use in the Roman period.
Die man s no arc s (1924, 56 haeological vented believed that the origin of the Ro- pring rotary key lock was Greek. According to Pace (2014, 38), t Near East in the 1 hese were likely introduced to the lst century BCE. However, there is evidence before the Roman period for such rotary keys. These were probably first in- and deve oped by the Romans. Many such high-quality keys and locks have been numerously found among the Roman remains. Figure 17 a) Turning rotary key discovered in Pompeii with rich decoration (Diels, 1924, 56, fig. 21). b) Schematic illustration showing the direct movement of the bolt (A) by the key rotary (C) and the metal spring (D), (Diels, 1924, 56, fig. 21).
Die man s no arc s (1924, 56 haeological vented believed that the origin of the Ro- pring rotary key lock was Greek. According to Pace (2014, 38), t Near East in the 1 hese were likely introduced to the lst century BCE. However, there is evidence before the Roman period for such rotary keys. These were probably first in- and deve oped by the Romans. Many such high-quality keys and locks have been numerously found among the Roman remains. Figure 17 a) Turning rotary key discovered in Pompeii with rich decoration (Diels, 1924, 56, fig. 21). b) Schematic illustration showing the direct movement of the bolt (A) by the key rotary (C) and the metal spring (D), (Diels, 1924, 56, fig. 21).
Figure 18 a) Illustration showing the main parts of the Roman handled padlock and its functional approach. b) Roman lock with protective casing. (After Gaheis, 1930, 258, fig. 122-23, 260, fig.124)
Figure 18 a) Illustration showing the main parts of the Roman handled padlock and its functional approach. b) Roman lock with protective casing. (After Gaheis, 1930, 258, fig. 122-23, 260, fig.124)
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