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Table 1: Comparison of pipeline failure in Nigeria/Niger Delta and other regions in the world. Adapted from Achebe et a/., 2012 as cited by Shittu, 2014. From the table 1, it is clear that compared to other regions in the world, there is a high susceptibility for pipeline failure and subsequent spillage of petroleum oil and other associated products in Nigeria and the Niger Delta Region in particular, this trend has not shown any markable reduction even in the past fifteen years. There should therefore be a cause for concern for health and safety of both environmental resources and human health. Furthermore, majority of the NDR experiences periodic flooding as it lies on a very low plain (Odubo and Raimi, 2019). The environmental fate of crude can be enhanced by the direction of flow of both underground and surface water (Morufu and Clinton, 2017; Raimi and Sabinus, 2017; Olalekan et a/., 2018; Olalekan et a/., 2020). The variation of flow of the water table contributes significantly in material transference including contaminants. During the rainy season, the level of ground water is significant and all water bodies flow southward (UNEP 2011). This may serve as a significant threat as oil spill during the rainy season will have the tendency to migrate farther, and hence may contaminate very delicate areas within the NDR.

Table 1 Comparison of pipeline failure in Nigeria/Niger Delta and other regions in the world. Adapted from Achebe et a/., 2012 as cited by Shittu, 2014. From the table 1, it is clear that compared to other regions in the world, there is a high susceptibility for pipeline failure and subsequent spillage of petroleum oil and other associated products in Nigeria and the Niger Delta Region in particular, this trend has not shown any markable reduction even in the past fifteen years. There should therefore be a cause for concern for health and safety of both environmental resources and human health. Furthermore, majority of the NDR experiences periodic flooding as it lies on a very low plain (Odubo and Raimi, 2019). The environmental fate of crude can be enhanced by the direction of flow of both underground and surface water (Morufu and Clinton, 2017; Raimi and Sabinus, 2017; Olalekan et a/., 2018; Olalekan et a/., 2020). The variation of flow of the water table contributes significantly in material transference including contaminants. During the rainy season, the level of ground water is significant and all water bodies flow southward (UNEP 2011). This may serve as a significant threat as oil spill during the rainy season will have the tendency to migrate farther, and hence may contaminate very delicate areas within the NDR.

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Distribution coefficient (Kg) Table 3: EPI Suite” entry data for BTN Table 2: Assigned %OM and calculated Kg values for BTN.
Distribution coefficient (Kg) Table 3: EPI Suite” entry data for BTN Table 2: Assigned %OM and calculated Kg values for BTN.
Table 4: Descriptive Statistics: % Organic Matter, Benzene, Toluene, Naphthalene (Minitab). Results obtained for the default Level III fugacity model with MCI based soil K,, and the user-entered values are shown in Table 5 and 6 respectively. The environmental partitioning of chemical substances is affected by several factors, of which the physical and chemical properties are very important. In order to estimate the partitioning of the chemicals, EPA’s EPI Suite” was utilized. Fugacity model for two sources K,, was employed (default MCl-based anc user-entered K,,). The fugacity model was chosen as the basis for assessment of the chemicals of interest as it presents a clearer picture of how each component in the substances will distributed in the environment. Table 4 presents a descriptive statistic of BTN.
Table 4: Descriptive Statistics: % Organic Matter, Benzene, Toluene, Naphthalene (Minitab). Results obtained for the default Level III fugacity model with MCI based soil K,, and the user-entered values are shown in Table 5 and 6 respectively. The environmental partitioning of chemical substances is affected by several factors, of which the physical and chemical properties are very important. In order to estimate the partitioning of the chemicals, EPA’s EPI Suite” was utilized. Fugacity model for two sources K,, was employed (default MCl-based anc user-entered K,,). The fugacity model was chosen as the basis for assessment of the chemicals of interest as it presents a clearer picture of how each component in the substances will distributed in the environment. Table 4 presents a descriptive statistic of BTN.
Figure 5 and 6 shows a representation of the fugacity models (MCI-based and user-entered K,,) which shows the trend of how each chemical distributes in the environment. Aquatic Ecotoxicology-ECOSAR
Figure 5 and 6 shows a representation of the fugacity models (MCI-based and user-entered K,,) which shows the trend of how each chemical distributes in the environment. Aquatic Ecotoxicology-ECOSAR
Table 8: Bioaccumulation and Biodegradation probability Results from Table 2 for Ky of Benzene, Toluene and Naphthalene using Minitab shows there is partial concentration of data around the mean, which is indicative of the minimum variation between the data set. For Naphthalene, the standard deviation appears to be more significant, indicating the importance of acquiring as much data as possible for research work that involves comparison between models. A comparison of the concentration results for chemical: in water computed from Table 5 and 6 shows a decrease in concentration for all three chemicals. This implies fewer chemicals (BTN) in water (River or lake) in the event of crude oil spill. However, this also indicates more of the contaminants will be in the sediment and soil, which creates the potential for possible environmental persistence. Also, with more of the chemical in the sediments, there will be increased ingestion potential for mud dwelling organisms such as crabs, catfish etc. and consequently a tendency for biomagnification through the food chain.
Table 8: Bioaccumulation and Biodegradation probability Results from Table 2 for Ky of Benzene, Toluene and Naphthalene using Minitab shows there is partial concentration of data around the mean, which is indicative of the minimum variation between the data set. For Naphthalene, the standard deviation appears to be more significant, indicating the importance of acquiring as much data as possible for research work that involves comparison between models. A comparison of the concentration results for chemical: in water computed from Table 5 and 6 shows a decrease in concentration for all three chemicals. This implies fewer chemicals (BTN) in water (River or lake) in the event of crude oil spill. However, this also indicates more of the contaminants will be in the sediment and soil, which creates the potential for possible environmental persistence. Also, with more of the chemical in the sediments, there will be increased ingestion potential for mud dwelling organisms such as crabs, catfish etc. and consequently a tendency for biomagnification through the food chain.
Map of Niger Delta Region (NDR)
Map of Niger Delta Region (NDR)
Figure 2 Annual oil spill incidences by cause for 2013-2021 (SPDC, 2021)
Figure 2 Annual oil spill incidences by cause for 2013-2021 (SPDC, 2021)
Figure 4
Figure 4
Environmental Distribution of BTN for MCl-based Soil Koc
Environmental Distribution of BTN for MCl-based Soil Koc
Number of Oil Spills in the Niger Delta from 1976 - May,2021
Number of Oil Spills in the Niger Delta from 1976 - May,2021
Related topics:
Environmental ScienceEnvironmental PollutionPollutionOxygen FugacityTotal Petroleum Hydrocarbon
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