Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Figure 6 – uploaded by Angayarkanni Jayaraman

See full PDFdownloadDownload figure
Fig.6. Effect of various glucose concentration on production of prodigiosin by S. marcescens MBBO5 (Nutrient broth; inoculum 5%; temperature 30°C; incubation period 36 h; Glucose concentration of 0.5 % was optimum for the production of prodigiosin. S. marcescens MBBO5 has produced 222.4 mg/mL of prodigiosin at 0.5 % concentration of glucose (Fig.6). At 0.25 and 0.75 % concentration of glucose the production was 196.4, 108.8 mg/mL respectively. Glucose, usually an excellent carbon source for growth, interferes with the synthesis of many secondary metabolites. Because of parallels with the well-known suppression by glucose of catabolic enzymes that use less-preferred substrate, this has been referred to as ‘catabolite repression’. In many secondary metabolite pathways, the enzymes subject to control by the carbon source are known *- 35, Prodigiosin production is inhibited when glucose is added to the growth medium 1 36 This substrate inhibits the synthesis of the pigment in cultures grown on solid medium with concentrations up to 15g/L, and there was a close correlation between glucose consumption and the synthesis of this secondary metabolite?®. In some micro-organisms, carbon catabolite repression of enzymes that are essential for nutrient utilization is associated with the transcriptional control that involves cyclic adenosine 3, 5- monophosphate (cAMP) as a positive effector?” 38. The metabolic role of cAMP in prokaryotes is not limited to controlling transcription of catabolic enzymes but is also required for other functions not directly related to catabolism3?. However, cAMP does not appear to be involved in the glucose effect, on the synthesis of some secondary metabolites*041, 42,

Figure 6 Effect of various glucose concentration on production of prodigiosin by S. marcescens MBBO5 (Nutrient broth; inoculum 5%; temperature 30°C; incubation period 36 h; Glucose concentration of 0.5 % was optimum for the production of prodigiosin. S. marcescens MBBO5 has produced 222.4 mg/mL of prodigiosin at 0.5 % concentration of glucose (Fig.6). At 0.25 and 0.75 % concentration of glucose the production was 196.4, 108.8 mg/mL respectively. Glucose, usually an excellent carbon source for growth, interferes with the synthesis of many secondary metabolites. Because of parallels with the well-known suppression by glucose of catabolic enzymes that use less-preferred substrate, this has been referred to as ‘catabolite repression’. In many secondary metabolite pathways, the enzymes subject to control by the carbon source are known *- 35, Prodigiosin production is inhibited when glucose is added to the growth medium 1 36 This substrate inhibits the synthesis of the pigment in cultures grown on solid medium with concentrations up to 15g/L, and there was a close correlation between glucose consumption and the synthesis of this secondary metabolite?®. In some micro-organisms, carbon catabolite repression of enzymes that are essential for nutrient utilization is associated with the transcriptional control that involves cyclic adenosine 3, 5- monophosphate (cAMP) as a positive effector?” 38. The metabolic role of cAMP in prokaryotes is not limited to controlling transcription of catabolic enzymes but is also required for other functions not directly related to catabolism3?. However, cAMP does not appear to be involved in the glucose effect, on the synthesis of some secondary metabolites*041, 42,

Related Figures (11)

In this optimization study, 27, 28, 30, 32 and 37°C were the temperature selected. There was less prodigiosin production when the nutrient broth were 131.5, 143.2, 129.4, 15.3 mg/mL (S marcescens MBBOS), incubated at 27, 28, 32 and 37°C respectively. The optimum temperature of incubation for the selected bacterial strain was 30°C. The prodigiosin production was 151.0 mg/mL by S. marcescens MBBOS (Fig.1).
In this optimization study, 27, 28, 30, 32 and 37°C were the temperature selected. There was less prodigiosin production when the nutrient broth were 131.5, 143.2, 129.4, 15.3 mg/mL (S marcescens MBBOS), incubated at 27, 28, 32 and 37°C respectively. The optimum temperature of incubation for the selected bacterial strain was 30°C. The prodigiosin production was 151.0 mg/mL by S. marcescens MBBOS (Fig.1).
An investigation for further increase in prodigiosin production, the effect of various inoculum size were studied. To evaluate the effect of inoculum size, varied cell concentrations (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5%) were added to different flasks and then carried out as described in materials and methods. Prodigiosin production varied with inoculum level and showed parabolic nature in the studied range (Fig.3). The maximum prodigiosin production 149.2 mg/mL was observed at 5.0% for S. marcescens MBBOS. Prodigiosin production was comparatively less at 2.5 and 7.5% inoculum concentration.
An investigation for further increase in prodigiosin production, the effect of various inoculum size were studied. To evaluate the effect of inoculum size, varied cell concentrations (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5%) were added to different flasks and then carried out as described in materials and methods. Prodigiosin production varied with inoculum level and showed parabolic nature in the studied range (Fig.3). The maximum prodigiosin production 149.2 mg/mL was observed at 5.0% for S. marcescens MBBOS. Prodigiosin production was comparatively less at 2.5 and 7.5% inoculum concentration.
The optimization of the prodigiosin production parameter was initiated by incubating the selected strains at different time durations of 12 h equal intervals. The selected isolate prodigiosin production ranged between 32.2 and 116.1 mg/mL during 60, 72, 84 and 96 h of incubation, and whereas at 12, 24, 36 and 48 h it ranges between 110 to 177 mg/mL.
The optimization of the prodigiosin production parameter was initiated by incubating the selected strains at different time durations of 12 h equal intervals. The selected isolate prodigiosin production ranged between 32.2 and 116.1 mg/mL during 60, 72, 84 and 96 h of incubation, and whereas at 12, 24, 36 and 48 h it ranges between 110 to 177 mg/mL.
The selected potential bacterial strains were subjected to various pH ranging from 5.0 to 9.0 were taken for the study with an interval of pH 0.5. Less prodigiosin production were noticed in the acidic (5.0 to 6.0) and alkaline (8.0 to 9.5) condition with 54.1 as the least and 164.4 mg/mL as its highest. But at the neutral (6.5 to 7.5) range the production was 129.9 to 171.1 mg/mL. Fig.4:Effect of pH on production of prodigiosin by S. marcescens MBBO5 (Nutrient broth; inoculum 5%; temperature 30°C; incubation period 36 h; results are mean of independent experiments + SD and are expressed as mg/mL.
The selected potential bacterial strains were subjected to various pH ranging from 5.0 to 9.0 were taken for the study with an interval of pH 0.5. Less prodigiosin production were noticed in the acidic (5.0 to 6.0) and alkaline (8.0 to 9.5) condition with 54.1 as the least and 164.4 mg/mL as its highest. But at the neutral (6.5 to 7.5) range the production was 129.9 to 171.1 mg/mL. Fig.4:Effect of pH on production of prodigiosin by S. marcescens MBBO5 (Nutrient broth; inoculum 5%; temperature 30°C; incubation period 36 h; results are mean of independent experiments + SD and are expressed as mg/mL.
found that several bacterial isolates produced an antimicrobial agent only when grown on ethanol. A high yield of pyoluteorin and 2, 4- diacetylphloroglucinol by one such isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens S272, from ethanol has been reported by Yuan et al.33, The isolate Serratia marcescens S389 produced about 3 mg/mL of prodigiosin when grown on ethanol under the appropriate conditions which was also reported by Cang et al.12. In the present study the maximum prodigiosin was noticed in the medium containing glucose as the substrate.
found that several bacterial isolates produced an antimicrobial agent only when grown on ethanol. A high yield of pyoluteorin and 2, 4- diacetylphloroglucinol by one such isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens S272, from ethanol has been reported by Yuan et al.33, The isolate Serratia marcescens S389 produced about 3 mg/mL of prodigiosin when grown on ethanol under the appropriate conditions which was also reported by Cang et al.12. In the present study the maximum prodigiosin was noticed in the medium containing glucose as the substrate.
Yeast extract concentration of 0.5% was optimum for the production of prodigiosin. S. marcescens MBBOS has produced 181.7 mg/mL of prodigiosin at 0.5 % concentration of yeast extract (Fig.8).
Yeast extract concentration of 0.5% was optimum for the production of prodigiosin. S. marcescens MBBOS has produced 181.7 mg/mL of prodigiosin at 0.5 % concentration of yeast extract (Fig.8).
Different nitrogen sources viz, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and dried yeast were tested. Nitrogen source is essential for the organism for prodigiosin production. Dried yeast supported all the three selected isolates for maximum prodigiosin pigment production. Strain S. marcescens MBBO5 produced 186.8 mg/mL mg/mL of prodigiosin. 84.4, 103.4 and 79.3 mg/mL prodigiosin was produced when ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate was used respectively (Fig.7). The various nitrogen sources studied by Cang et al.12 for the prodigiosin production, pharmamedia and polypepton gave a good antibiotic production as well as good bacterial growth and they also states that pharmamedia gave the best yield. The present study revealed that the prodigiosin production was very low when incorporated with various inorganic phosphates. This may be due to that, the production of various secondary metabolites in some Gram- negative bacteria under the N-acylhomoserine lactore-regulatory mechanism is known to respond to phosphate starvation‘, it seems that the promotion of prodigiosin production by strain Serratia marcescens $389 under phosphate limitation is reasonable. Good production was noticed in the case of dried yeast supplemented medium. This may be due to containing of amino acids, vitamins and coenzyme to promote the production of prodigiosin.
Different nitrogen sources viz, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and dried yeast were tested. Nitrogen source is essential for the organism for prodigiosin production. Dried yeast supported all the three selected isolates for maximum prodigiosin pigment production. Strain S. marcescens MBBO5 produced 186.8 mg/mL mg/mL of prodigiosin. 84.4, 103.4 and 79.3 mg/mL prodigiosin was produced when ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate was used respectively (Fig.7). The various nitrogen sources studied by Cang et al.12 for the prodigiosin production, pharmamedia and polypepton gave a good antibiotic production as well as good bacterial growth and they also states that pharmamedia gave the best yield. The present study revealed that the prodigiosin production was very low when incorporated with various inorganic phosphates. This may be due to that, the production of various secondary metabolites in some Gram- negative bacteria under the N-acylhomoserine lactore-regulatory mechanism is known to respond to phosphate starvation‘, it seems that the promotion of prodigiosin production by strain Serratia marcescens $389 under phosphate limitation is reasonable. Good production was noticed in the case of dried yeast supplemented medium. This may be due to containing of amino acids, vitamins and coenzyme to promote the production of prodigiosin.
In order to study the effect of different amino acids sources, proline, methionine, tryptophan, leucine and cysteine were tested. Cysteine containing nutrient broth media supported for maximum prodigiosin pigment production 192.2 mg/mL (Fig.9). The next best amino acid was proline that produced 181.6 mg/mL. When tryptophan, leucine and methionine were added to the nutrient broth the production ranges from 101.2 to 172.9 mg/mL of prodigiosin. Based on this study, cysteine was the best amino acid that was selected for production of prodigiosin. The proline did not cause biosynthesis of prodigiosin in non-proliferating cells unless it was catabolized which was demonstrated by Scott et al.**.
In order to study the effect of different amino acids sources, proline, methionine, tryptophan, leucine and cysteine were tested. Cysteine containing nutrient broth media supported for maximum prodigiosin pigment production 192.2 mg/mL (Fig.9). The next best amino acid was proline that produced 181.6 mg/mL. When tryptophan, leucine and methionine were added to the nutrient broth the production ranges from 101.2 to 172.9 mg/mL of prodigiosin. Based on this study, cysteine was the best amino acid that was selected for production of prodigiosin. The proline did not cause biosynthesis of prodigiosin in non-proliferating cells unless it was catabolized which was demonstrated by Scott et al.**.
Fig.10:Effect of various cysteine concentration on production of prodigiosin by S. marcescens MBBO5 (Nutrient broth; inoculum 5%; temperature 30°C; incubation period 36 h; results are mean of independent experiments + SD and are expressed as a ee 2 respectively (Fig.11). It is also noted that olive oil ranked low in prodigiosin production, 135.1 mg/mL (S. marcescens MBBOS5). MBBO5 has produced prodigiosin in the order of substrate suitability, which was peanut powder > peanut oil > black sesame powder > fenugreek powder > mustard oil > mustard powder > white sesame powder > sesame oil > coconut oil > coconut powder > olive oil. The oils are known for their high levels of unsaturated fatty acid content and a very low percentage of saturated fatty acids which was studied and reported by Anuradha et al.1°. From the results observed by them the pigment yield was 15 times more in media containing fatty acid seeds than in oils. The oil gave a better yield over the various carbons (not fatty acid containing seeds) and nitrogen sources tested*?. The oil has given a better yield when compared to nutrient broth and peptone glycerol broth. Even this low level could be due to the presence of low concentration of saturated fatty acid present in oils!*. They also reported that the prodigiosin yield was higher in peanut oil broth when compared to sesame oil broth, but the level of unsaturated fatty acid is higher (~47%) in sesame oil. They also proposed that the bonded fatty acids as carbon source were less accessible by Serratia marcescens. According to Nakamura®® in his patent describes that the use of sodium oleate media and the substitution of sodium oleate with oleic acid and has used only triolein as substrate and reported 0.69 mg/mL yield of pigment. The bonded fatty acids as carbon source are less accessible by Serratia marcescens*!. In the present study, peanut powder gave excellent substrate for prodigiosin production. In this context, the substrate peanut powder may contain necessary carbon, nitrogen and essential micro nutrients for higher production of prodigiosin.
Fig.10:Effect of various cysteine concentration on production of prodigiosin by S. marcescens MBBO5 (Nutrient broth; inoculum 5%; temperature 30°C; incubation period 36 h; results are mean of independent experiments + SD and are expressed as a ee 2 respectively (Fig.11). It is also noted that olive oil ranked low in prodigiosin production, 135.1 mg/mL (S. marcescens MBBOS5). MBBO5 has produced prodigiosin in the order of substrate suitability, which was peanut powder > peanut oil > black sesame powder > fenugreek powder > mustard oil > mustard powder > white sesame powder > sesame oil > coconut oil > coconut powder > olive oil. The oils are known for their high levels of unsaturated fatty acid content and a very low percentage of saturated fatty acids which was studied and reported by Anuradha et al.1°. From the results observed by them the pigment yield was 15 times more in media containing fatty acid seeds than in oils. The oil gave a better yield over the various carbons (not fatty acid containing seeds) and nitrogen sources tested*?. The oil has given a better yield when compared to nutrient broth and peptone glycerol broth. Even this low level could be due to the presence of low concentration of saturated fatty acid present in oils!*. They also reported that the prodigiosin yield was higher in peanut oil broth when compared to sesame oil broth, but the level of unsaturated fatty acid is higher (~47%) in sesame oil. They also proposed that the bonded fatty acids as carbon source were less accessible by Serratia marcescens. According to Nakamura®® in his patent describes that the use of sodium oleate media and the substitution of sodium oleate with oleic acid and has used only triolein as substrate and reported 0.69 mg/mL yield of pigment. The bonded fatty acids as carbon source are less accessible by Serratia marcescens*!. In the present study, peanut powder gave excellent substrate for prodigiosin production. In this context, the substrate peanut powder may contain necessary carbon, nitrogen and essential micro nutrients for higher production of prodigiosin.
Peanut powder at various concentrations (0.5 to 4.0%) was tested. Highest prodigiosin production was 560.4 mg/mL recorded at the concentration of 2.0 % Peanut powder. Sudden rise in prodigiosin production was noted from 350.7 to 560.4 mg/mL at 1.5 to 2.0% substrate concentration levels respectively (Fig.12). Very low production of 155.0 mg/mL recorded at 0.5% of peanut powder. In terms of yield peanut medium has given the maximum of ~39 mg/mL!°. The role of saturated fatty acid is that peanut has a higher concentration than sesame and the yield of prodigiosin is also higher in powdered peanut broth than in powdered sesame broth. In the present study, it was apparent that the influence of these physico- chemical parameters to some extent could improve the production of prodigiosin. The peanut powder in distilled water, a media for producing prodigiosin is a promise for higher yield.
Peanut powder at various concentrations (0.5 to 4.0%) was tested. Highest prodigiosin production was 560.4 mg/mL recorded at the concentration of 2.0 % Peanut powder. Sudden rise in prodigiosin production was noted from 350.7 to 560.4 mg/mL at 1.5 to 2.0% substrate concentration levels respectively (Fig.12). Very low production of 155.0 mg/mL recorded at 0.5% of peanut powder. In terms of yield peanut medium has given the maximum of ~39 mg/mL!°. The role of saturated fatty acid is that peanut has a higher concentration than sesame and the yield of prodigiosin is also higher in powdered peanut broth than in powdered sesame broth. In the present study, it was apparent that the influence of these physico- chemical parameters to some extent could improve the production of prodigiosin. The peanut powder in distilled water, a media for producing prodigiosin is a promise for higher yield.
Related topics:
Marine Microbial EcologyMicrobial Symbionts of Marine InvertebratesMarine SpongesMicrobial Production of Bioactive Compounds
580 California St., Suite 400
San Francisco, CA, 94104
© 2025 Academia. All rights reserved