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Table 2. Lipase-catalyzed (free, immobilized and modified lipase) reactions using ILs (continue)

Table 2 Lipase-catalyzed (free, immobilized and modified lipase) reactions using ILs (continue)

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Figure 1. Some common cations and anions used for the synthesis of ILs Ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as an attractive “green” recyclable alternative to toxic, hazardous, flammable, and highly volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [1-6]. ILs are entirely composed of ions. They generally consist of organic cations, namely, derivatives of imidazolium, pyri- dinium, pyrrolidinium, cholintum, ammonium, morpho- linium and phosphonium, and either organic or inorganic anions (Fig. 1). ILs are liquids at or far below ambient temperature. Their low melting point originates from the asymmetry of at least one of the ions and weak intermo- lecular attractions. ILs possess many unique and design- able physicochemical properties that make them excel- lent candidates for VOC replacements. These properties include negligible vapor pressure, multiple solvation interactions with organic and inorganic compounds, excellent chemical and thermal stability, high ionic con- ductivity and a large electrochemical window [1, 2]. The physicochemical properties of ILs, such as their viscosity, hydrophobicity, density, and solubility, can be tuned by
Figure 1. Some common cations and anions used for the synthesis of ILs Ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as an attractive “green” recyclable alternative to toxic, hazardous, flammable, and highly volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [1-6]. ILs are entirely composed of ions. They generally consist of organic cations, namely, derivatives of imidazolium, pyri- dinium, pyrrolidinium, cholintum, ammonium, morpho- linium and phosphonium, and either organic or inorganic anions (Fig. 1). ILs are liquids at or far below ambient temperature. Their low melting point originates from the asymmetry of at least one of the ions and weak intermo- lecular attractions. ILs possess many unique and design- able physicochemical properties that make them excel- lent candidates for VOC replacements. These properties include negligible vapor pressure, multiple solvation interactions with organic and inorganic compounds, excellent chemical and thermal stability, high ionic con- ductivity and a large electrochemical window [1, 2]. The physicochemical properties of ILs, such as their viscosity, hydrophobicity, density, and solubility, can be tuned by
Table 1. ILs in protein applications ment [42, 44, 45, 47]. With the introduction of ILs into ATPSs, the narrow range of polarity differences between the coexisting phases of polymer-based systems can be extended [48]. Considering the abovementioned facts, IL-based ATPSs can be considered as novel liquid parti- tioning systems [49]. As a liquid—liquid extractive tech- nique, ATPSs are simple, low cost, and relatively reliable in scale-up, and they show great potential for separation applications. IL/inorganic salt separation systems are highly ionic media, and therefore might not be compati- ble with the extracted product because many biomole- cules have narrow tolerance limits of ionic strength [50]. Using an IL with ATPS extraction methods is performed by replacing the polymer component of the conventional polymer-salt two-phase system with the IL. Imidazolium- based ILs are usually used, although some studies have been performed with the phosphonium cation [45, 51]. To successfully use ILs as extraction solvents or correctly time consumption, loss of biological activity, and lack of robustness [44]. Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) overcome these disadvantages because of their robust- ness, short processing time, low energy consumption, easy scale up, and biocompatibility. ATPSs typically con- sist of two aqueous-rich phases of polymer/polymer, salt/ salt, or polymer/salt. ATPSs offer the advantage of selec- tive partitioning of a target molecule, which depends on its affinity for each aqueous-rich phase, as well as other factors such as temperature, pH, and system composition [45]. Rogers and co-workers [46] pioneered the introduc- tion of IL into ATPSs. This was successful in overcoming the disadvantages of polymer-based ATPSs, such as their high viscosity that hinders mass transfer leading to slow phase separation [45]. IL-based aqueous phase extraction is the preferred choice of protein separation because of its mild nature, low viscosity, rapid phase separation, high extraction efficiency, and gentle biocompatible environ-
Table 1. ILs in protein applications ment [42, 44, 45, 47]. With the introduction of ILs into ATPSs, the narrow range of polarity differences between the coexisting phases of polymer-based systems can be extended [48]. Considering the abovementioned facts, IL-based ATPSs can be considered as novel liquid parti- tioning systems [49]. As a liquid—liquid extractive tech- nique, ATPSs are simple, low cost, and relatively reliable in scale-up, and they show great potential for separation applications. IL/inorganic salt separation systems are highly ionic media, and therefore might not be compati- ble with the extracted product because many biomole- cules have narrow tolerance limits of ionic strength [50]. Using an IL with ATPS extraction methods is performed by replacing the polymer component of the conventional polymer-salt two-phase system with the IL. Imidazolium- based ILs are usually used, although some studies have been performed with the phosphonium cation [45, 51]. To successfully use ILs as extraction solvents or correctly time consumption, loss of biological activity, and lack of robustness [44]. Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) overcome these disadvantages because of their robust- ness, short processing time, low energy consumption, easy scale up, and biocompatibility. ATPSs typically con- sist of two aqueous-rich phases of polymer/polymer, salt/ salt, or polymer/salt. ATPSs offer the advantage of selec- tive partitioning of a target molecule, which depends on its affinity for each aqueous-rich phase, as well as other factors such as temperature, pH, and system composition [45]. Rogers and co-workers [46] pioneered the introduc- tion of IL into ATPSs. This was successful in overcoming the disadvantages of polymer-based ATPSs, such as their high viscosity that hinders mass transfer leading to slow phase separation [45]. IL-based aqueous phase extraction is the preferred choice of protein separation because of its mild nature, low viscosity, rapid phase separation, high extraction efficiency, and gentle biocompatible environ-
Table 2. Lipase-catalyzed (free, immobilized and modified lipase) reactions using ILs
Table 2. Lipase-catalyzed (free, immobilized and modified lipase) reactions using ILs
Table 3. Enzyme (non-lipase) catalyzed reactions in ILs
Table 3. Enzyme (non-lipase) catalyzed reactions in ILs
Table 4. ILs in DNA applications
Table 4. ILs in DNA applications
Biotechnology Journal — list of articles published in the August 2016 issue.
Biotechnology Journal — list of articles published in the August 2016 issue.
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ChemistryBiotechnologyIndustrial BiotechnologyMedicineIonic LiquidsEnvironmental BiotechnologyMedical Biotechnology
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