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It is also necessary to update the deformation gradient for each particle and the stress op. Finally, to start a new cycle, the information transported by the points of material in a new grid is used, starting a new time step.

Figure 2 It is also necessary to update the deformation gradient for each particle and the stress op. Finally, to start a new cycle, the information transported by the points of material in a new grid is used, starting a new time step.

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Throughout history, there have been many cases of dam breaks [3]. The most destructive to date Fig. 1. Percentage of occurrences of natural disasters [1995-2015], adapted from R. Davies [2] For this reason, the prevention of dam breaks has been a relevant theme of research or many decades, due to the high levels of human and material losses caused by the resulting floods [1]. The degree of flood damage may be greater or smaller depending on the opography, downstream obstacles, the way of luid propagates and the success of evacuation efforts. The obstacle factor is directly related o the presence of houses, walls, bridges and trees, among others. This is an important point to consider, due to variations in velocities, orce, depth, direction and behavior of the fluid at he moment of impacting the obstacle, ransforming this impact energy into shock waves of different heights and danger levels.
Throughout history, there have been many cases of dam breaks [3]. The most destructive to date Fig. 1. Percentage of occurrences of natural disasters [1995-2015], adapted from R. Davies [2] For this reason, the prevention of dam breaks has been a relevant theme of research or many decades, due to the high levels of human and material losses caused by the resulting floods [1]. The degree of flood damage may be greater or smaller depending on the opography, downstream obstacles, the way of luid propagates and the success of evacuation efforts. The obstacle factor is directly related o the presence of houses, walls, bridges and trees, among others. This is an important point to consider, due to variations in velocities, orce, depth, direction and behavior of the fluid at he moment of impacting the obstacle, ransforming this impact energy into shock waves of different heights and danger levels.
The purpose of the present work is to contribute to the evaluation of new reliable tools for the prediction of dam-break flows, by comparing the mentioned numerical methods. The simulations reproduced the experimental study of Cruchaga [84] with quadratic and trapezoidal obstacles and also without either of them [58]. Finally, by substituting the SPH approximations for a function and its derivate in the Navier- Stokes equations, the SPH equations of motion can be written as:
The purpose of the present work is to contribute to the evaluation of new reliable tools for the prediction of dam-break flows, by comparing the mentioned numerical methods. The simulations reproduced the experimental study of Cruchaga [84] with quadratic and trapezoidal obstacles and also without either of them [58]. Finally, by substituting the SPH approximations for a function and its derivate in the Navier- Stokes equations, the SPH equations of motion can be written as:
Table 1. Computer features
Table 1. Computer features
Fig. 2. Model of the experiment, adapted from Cruchaga [58]
Fig. 2. Model of the experiment, adapted from Cruchaga [58]
Fig. 3. Position and cross-section of the square (a) and trapezoidal (b) obstacles, adapted from Cruchaga [84] The obstacles were located at a distance of 3L/2 after the gate, as represented in Fig. 3, Table 2 presents the physical properties of the fluid and Tables 3 (MPM) and 4 (SPH) present the input data of both programs that were used to simulate the dam-break scenarios of this work.
Fig. 3. Position and cross-section of the square (a) and trapezoidal (b) obstacles, adapted from Cruchaga [84] The obstacles were located at a distance of 3L/2 after the gate, as represented in Fig. 3, Table 2 presents the physical properties of the fluid and Tables 3 (MPM) and 4 (SPH) present the input data of both programs that were used to simulate the dam-break scenarios of this work.
Table 3. MPM input data Table 2. Physical properties
Table 3. MPM input data Table 2. Physical properties
Table 5. Computational cost
Table 5. Computational cost
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