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Table 3.6. Artifacts recovered from Site 21SW17 by functional category. — Table 3 6. Artifacts recovered from Site 21SW17 by functional category.

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Appendix A: Dedicating and Marking the Goulson Dugout (Dr. Hilton Goulson) Page Appendix B: Life of the Goulson Farm for the 1940s to the Present (Dr. Hilton Goulson) TABLE OF CONTENTS

Figure 1.1. Dr. Linebaugh addressing volunteers and visitors during the open house.

Figure 1.2. Location of Christopherson/Goulson dugout (U.S.G.S. 7.5'Gracelock NW topographic quadrangle 1958 [photorevised 1977]).

Figure 1.3. Plan of the Christopherson/Goulson dugout site area.

Figure 1.4. Dugout site from cultivated field, looking northwest.

Figure 1.5. Dugout site before clearing.

Figure 1.6. Detailed topographic map of dugout depression. Swift County likely presented a “vast, flat, monotonous stretch of land, unbroken even by trees,” to the pioneer settlers. Topographically the

Figure 1.7. Dugout depression after clearing, looking south.

Figure 1.8. Dugout depression after clearing, looking northeast.

Figure 1.9. Plaque placed at dugout site in July 1998.

able 1.1 U.S.D.A. soil types in the vicinity of the Christopherson/Goulson Dugout (Site 21SW17) of the dugout site; they are fully developed along the eastern edge of the site in the cultivated field and have been modified on the slope by both water and wind transport. The Lamoure-Rauville complex soils are found “in nearly level to slightly depressional areas next to the rivers and streams throughout the county, but they are mainly along the Pomme de Terre and Chippewa Rivers” (Diedrick et al. 1973:27). Lamoure and Rauville series soils are deep, poorly drained soils that formed on terraces adjacent to rivers. These soils are found along the lower portion of the slope below the dugout depression.

Figure 2.2. Anna Byberg Christopherson Goulson, ca. 1910. Anna married Lars Christopherson in the Norwegian Lutheran Church in La Crosse, Wisconsin, on January 3, 1869, and the couple ikely set off to homestead in Minnesota in late 1869 or early 1870. Census data places Anna, Lars, and their first child in Chippewa Co., Minnesota, by June 1870 (U.S. Ninth Census - Population Schedules, Chippewa County, MN, 1870). The 35- year-old Lars is listed as a farmer and his place of birth is recorded as Norway. Anna, then 22 years old, is recorded as keeping house. Their 8 month old son Ludwig was reported to have been born in

Figure 2.3. Lars Christopherson ’s homestead patent, May 7, 1875.

Figure 2.4. Location of Christopherson homestead patent (U.S.G.S. 7.5' Gracelock, NW topographic quadrangle, 1958 [photorevised 1977]).

Figure 2.6. Hans Goulson taken in Benson, MN, ca. 1870s. children. Hans Goulson (Figure 2.6) and his brother Ole were second generation Norwegian- Americans who had traveled to Swift County, Minnesota, from their home in Rock County, Wisconsin, in the early1870s. Hans, the son of Guul Guttormson IIdjarnstadhaugen and Kari Olsdatter Skolt, was born in Brodhead, Wisconsin, on November 13, 1858. Hans’s father had immigrated to Rock County, Wisconsin, in 1843 1876 and Hans in 1879; Hans is recorded wit personal estate of over $450, the 4" largest in of the Christopherson homestead, perhaps with and Hans’s first child, Gustav, was born in dugout in 1879. Chippewa Co. Historical Society 1993:222). Ole first paid personal property tax in Swift County in ha he county. Hans was apparently living in the vicinity his brother Ole, and clearly knew the family. Anna he

Figure 2.7. Map of Swenoda Township showing H. Goulson and Lars Christopherson properties, 1902. ocated on land south of the dugout site. In 1908, Hans traveled to Montana in search of yet another new homestead for his large family. On the return rip, he was caught in a snow storm in Williston, North Dakota, and died of pneumonia, leaving Anna alone again with the responsibility for a large family (Chippewa Co. Historical Society 1993:222). Anna kept her family together on the southwest quarter and the southwest quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 32, T120N, R40W and Lot #3 of Section 5 in Tl ON, R40W (see Figure 2.8). Hans and Anna are listed as residents of Chippewa County by this d ate. The couple eventually had seven children, Gustav, Oscar, Henry, Thomas, Julia, Clara, and Carl, six of whom were born in the family’s wood frame farmhouse

Figure 2.8. Location of Anna Christopherson Goulson’s homestead probate, Hans Goulson'’s homestead patent, and Hans Goulson’s property in Swift County (U.S.G.S. 7.5'Gracelock, NW topographic quadrangle, 1958 [photorevised 1977]).

Figure 2.9. Mandt Lutheran Church, Mandt Township, Chippewa County, MN. In approaching the excavation of a dugout site, it became clear that contextual information on dugout houses would be essential. Vogel and Stanley (1993:60) suggest that the dugout was common in the U.S. and Canada as “both a temporary shelter on the frontier and as a subsistence dwelling occupied by pioneer farmers.” They note that the sod house and dugout of the Great Plains are adaptations of a traditional dugout type brought to North America by European colonists. Although the exact origins of the dugout The dugout homestead site remained on Goulson land for much of the twentieth century, as part of the farm of Anna’s son Gustar Goulson, and later his son Curtis. Thomas and Mathilda Goulson raised their family of four children, Mary Ann (b. 1924), Hilton (b. 1930), Richard (b. 1935), and Constance (b. 1940), on the Chippewa County portion of the farm (see Appendix B). Richard’s son Gregg took over the farm in the 1990s, and by that time the parcel that held the dugout depression had been sold to neighbor Byron Olson.

Figure 2.10. Sketch of a dugout house (from Noble 1981-15).

Figure 2.11. Types of sod and dugout houses (after Broste 1995:175).

Figure 2.12. Site plan of the Rick Lewis dugout site (21WA55) (from Vogel and Stanley 1993:63). 1982). The work on dugouts in Minnesota has detailed structures located in Washington and Ramsey counties in the southeastern part of the state and in Jackson and Watonwan counties in the southwestern portion of the state.

Figure 2.13. Site plan of the Hoxie Rathbun dugout site (21J/K22) (from Kapler 1990:6).

Figure 2.14. Detail plan of the Hoxie Rathbun dugout site (21JK22) (from Kapler 1990:11).

Figure 2.16. Profile of west wall of the Gibbs Farm dugout (21RA26) showing multiple fill layers (from Blair and Forsberg 1996:Appendix B).

Figure 2.17. Sketch of the Gibbs Farm dugout by Lillie Gibbs, youngest daughter of Heman and Jane Gibbs (from Blair and Forsberg 1996:43).

Figure 2.18. Artist's conjectural reconstruction of the Gibbs Farm dugout (from Blair and Forsberg 1996:3)

Figure 2.20. North profile of Palme I dugout (from Broste 1995:193).

Figure 2.21. North profile of Palme II dugout (from Broste 1995:216).

Figure 2.22. Floor plan of the Akershus house type and several examples of similar plans in Wisconsi (after Bakken 1994:77, 80).

Figure 2.24. “Design No. 7: A very cheap house for small farm or village tenement” (from Adams-Horr Company, Rural Architecture [Chicago: Northwestern Lumberman Print, 1884]).

Figure 2.25. Farmhouse type I, Pope County, MN, ca. 1870 (Peterson 1992:65).

Figure 2.26. Farmhouse type I, Pocahontas County, MN, ca. 1880 (Peterson 1992:67).

Figure 2.27. Farmhouse type I, Swift County, MN, ca. 1900 (Peterson 1992:68-69).

Figure 3.1. Excavating a shovel test. shovel tests were placed at 20 ft. intervals and Soils at the site are Maddock sandy loams that are “deep, well drained soils that formed in sandy outwash partly shifted by wind” (Diedrick et al. 1973:27). The typical soil profile for the site area (Shovel Test 12) consisted of 1.2 ft. of black

10YR2/1) to very dark gray (1OYR3/1) sandy oam (Stratum I) underlain by a sterile yellowish brown (10YR5/4) sand subsoil (Figure 3.3 Stratum II). The shovel tests located on the top of he bluff slope along the edge of the plowed field had a significantly different profile, represented by Shovel Test 6. The profile in this unit consisted of 1.6 ft. of black (LOYR2/1) sandy loam (Stratum I), over a very dark grayish brown (10YR3/2 sandy loam (Stratum IT) (Figure 3.4). Level III was a yellowish brown (10YR5/4) sand. Excavation was stopped due to the depth of the unit (2.7 ft.). The alternating loams of this profile seem to represent a fairly deep topsoil/plowzone layer. At the time of recording, there was little surface visibility across the site as it was covered in weeds and understory growth: the field to the east of the

Figure 3.5. Excavation of test units (TU3 in foreground and TU] to the rear). stratum 1 was a .25-.59 It. thick layer of very dark gray (LOYR3/1) sandy loam with isolated enses of sand (Stratum I) underlain by Stratum II, a .35-.39 ft. thick layer of black (1OYR2/1) sandy oam mottled with yellowish brown (10YRS5/4) oamy sand. Stratum III was a .12-.70 ft. layer of very dark gray (10YR3/1) sandy loam transitioning o a very dark grayish brown (10YR3/2) sandy oam mottled with brown (10YR5/3) loamy sand at the bottom. Due to a mass of large roots, this ayer was slightly over dug into the next stratum. Stratum IV was a .12-.24 ft. layer of very dark gray 10YR3/1) sandy loam (Figures 3.9 and 3.10). Stratum V was a .19-.40 ft. layer that began as a very dark grayish brown with mottling and iron concretions and transitioned to a brown (10YR5/ 3) clayey sand with pebbles in the southwestern half and a light olive brown (2.5YR5/4) clayey silt mottled with grayish brown (2. SYRS/2) silt a ee, «ee ee Ce a TUE a, th Se yt OY a a eee, ee

Figure 3.6. Excavation of test units (TU3 in foreground, TU1 to the rear, and TU2 to the left).

Figure 3.7. Detail plan of Site 21SW17 showing test units (TU) and trenches (TR).

Figure 3.8. Dr. Linebaugh excavating in Test Unit 1.

Figure 3.9. Plan of Test Unit 1, bottom of Level IV.

Figure 3.10. Test Unit 1, bottom of Level IV, note iron concretion staining. Test Unit 2. Test Unit 2 was a 2.5-x-5-ft. excavation unit placed in the northern corner of the western berm in a very slight dip that was thought to represent a possible doorway or window location (Figure 3.13). The unit was located at grid coordinates N590 E477 (sw corner) (see Figure 3.7). As excavated, the unit consisted of seven separate strata. sandy loam mottled with Strata I and II. S IV was a .04-.63 ft. layer of brown (10YR4/3 owish brown (10YR5/ ficant concentra gravel (Figure 3.14). Stratum V was a .55-.86 ft. oamy sand mixed with yel 4) clayey sand with a signi ayer of brown (10YR5/ overlaid a .02-.84 ft. layer of 3) loamy sand f light yellowish 10YR6/4) sand (contained clearly indicates the base of of the dugout cellar; note he thin silted ratum ion of , tha primarily in the wes 2/3’s of the unit) (Stratum VI). Stratum VII was a .37-.74 ft. layer of yellowish brown (10YR5/4 sand with gravel. The north profile of Test Unit 2 the floor and west wal brown layers marked VI, VII, and VIII in the profile (Figure 3.15). The south profile does not show the same Test Unit 2. Test Unit 2 was a 2.5-x-5-ft.

Figure 3.12. North profile of Test Unit 1.

Figure 3.13. Dan Goulson excavating in Test Unit 2.

Table 3.1. Artifacts recovered from Test Unit 1, Site 21SW17.

Figure 3.14. Plan of Test Unit 2, bottom of Level VI.

Figure 3.16. South profile of Test Unit 2.

Table 3.2. Artifacts recovered from Test Unit 2, Site 21SW17.

Figure 3.17. Ron Hanson excavating in Test Unit 3.

Figure 3.19. West profile of Test Unit 3.

Table 3.3. Artifacts recovered from Test Unit 3, Site 21SW17. Stratum II is a .30-.86 ft. thick layer of black (10YR2/1) sandy oam. Stratum III was a .11-.24 ft. layer of very dark grayish brown (10YR3/2) sandy loam. The brown (10YR5/4 base of this unit, a yellowish silty sand mottled with gray (10YR6/1) silt was similar to the base of Test Unit 1; it may represen a floor level (Figure 3.20). The west wall profile illustrates fill layers sloping gently to the north (Figure 3.21). A total of 22 historic artifacts were recovered from Test Unit 1; over 50% (n=17) of these were fragments of unsorted bone (Table 3.4). assemblage from this stratum included materials from three functional groups: a piece of wire, likely barbed wire (n=1 agriculture, a nut unsorted animal b group, and a possi unassigned materi she one ble als from the activities group/ 1 from the floral group, s (n=4) from the faunal piece of plastic from the group. The barbed wire generally dated this stratum to post 1868, while the plastic dates to he wentieth century.