Figure 1. The number of degree-days of cooling (base 23°C) and of heating (base 18°C) for each month of the year with the corresponding monthly averaged ambient temperature In general, the factors that affect cooling energy consumption in a building include thermal conduction gains through building envelop and glass, thermal radiation gains through glass windows, infiltration, Figure 2. The heating and cooling requirements for one typical residential buildings ENERGY CONSERVATION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BEIRUT Figure 3. Hourly thermal gains through a wall verses selected concrete wall thicknesses on a typical day in July ENERGY CONSERVATION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BEIRUT Table 1. Input data on 11-storey building (A) of base-case pre-conservation system Figure 5. Various components contribution to the peak cooling and heating loads Figure 6. Monthly peak electrical loads for cooling, heating and internal use ENERGY CONSERVATION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BEIRUT Table 2. The geometric specification of buildings B and C Figure 7. Annual electrical energy consumption of building A Figure 8(b). The resultant peak cooling loads per unit area of living space for each building type for the multiple-effect measures’ cases where A is the cost of initial investment in conservation measures, B the initial consumer savings in electrical installation charges, C the initial consumer savings due to reductions in installed AC capacity and D the annual savings due to reduced electricity consumption at the consumer price. Another parameter that is defined for the consumer is also the net present worth of the investment given by ENERGY CONSERVATION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BEIRUT Figure 9(b). The peak electrical load for each building type for multiple-effect cases Figure 10. Annual electrical energy consumption per unit area of living space for the various conservation measure cases of (a) a mid-floor in building A; (b) the top floor in building A ENERGY CONSERVATION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BEIRUT Table 4. Electricity pricing scheme Figure 11 (a). The national performance index per unit area of living space of the residential buildings A and B, NPI, for the various single effect wall, glass and lighting measures ‘igure 11(b). The national performance index per unit area of living space of residential buildings A and B for the multiple effect measures ENERGY CONSERVATION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BEIRUT Figure 12. The NPW per unit area of living space of all measures’ cases of Table applied to buildings A Figure 13. The SPBP is plotted for the various cases of measures applied to (a) building A; (b) building B ENERGY CONSERVATION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BEIRUT Figure 14. The change of NPI and NPW per unit area of living space as the R-value of the wall is increased from the base case of Rw = 1-278 (hr ft? °F/BTU.in) while glass and lighting are kept at their optimal values for residential buildings Figure 15. NPI of various measures applied to residential buildings for different number of floors ENERGY CONSERVATION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BEIRUT ENERGY CONSERVATION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BEIRUT Figure 17. (a) The national performance index per unit area of office space for the various relevant single- and multiple-effect measures listed in Table 3. (b) The net present worth index per unit area of office space for the various relevant single- and multiple-effect measures listed in Table 3 Figue 18. The simple pay-back period of all measures for office building C 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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