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Diagenesis

Table 1 Diagenesis

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Figure F1. Schematic of the APC system used during Expedition 355. ID = inner diameter. ered during Expedition 355 were oriented using the Icefield MI-5 orientation tool (see Paleomagnetism and rock magnetism). We also used the advanced piston corer temperature tool (APCT-3) to obtain in situ formation temperatures in the first hole at each site to determine the geothermal gradient and estimate heat flow (see Nawnhole meacnrementc)
Figure F1. Schematic of the APC system used during Expedition 355. ID = inner diameter. ered during Expedition 355 were oriented using the Icefield MI-5 orientation tool (see Paleomagnetism and rock magnetism). We also used the advanced piston corer temperature tool (APCT-3) to obtain in situ formation temperatures in the first hole at each site to determine the geothermal gradient and estimate heat flow (see Nawnhole meacnrementc)
Figure F2. Schematic of the XCB system used during Expedition 355.
Figure F2. Schematic of the XCB system used during Expedition 355.
Figure F3. Schematic of the RCB system used during Expedition 355. OD = outer diameter.
Figure F3. Schematic of the RCB system used during Expedition 355. OD = outer diameter.
Figure F4. IODP conventions for naming sites, holes, cores, and samples.
Figure F4. IODP conventions for naming sites, holes, cores, and samples.
that are homogeneous in lithology and color and exhibit no bed- ding, cross-bedding, grading, bioturbation, or bed disturbance are described as massive or structureless in the core description. For Expedition 355, we used various terminologies for sedimentary structures. When identifiable, folds, slump folds, microfaults, and ichnofossils such as Zoophycos, Chondrites, Skolithos, and Plano- lites burrows (Ekdale et al., 1984) were reported in the Sedimentary structures column as well as in core summary. genic structures (e.g., burrows), and other structures related to the depositional environment (normal/reverse grading, parallel bed- ding, cross-bedding, etc.), were entered into DESClogik. Cross-bed- ding describes a bed that contains thin horizontal or inclined laminations <1 cm in thickness with inclined internal foresets. Ver- tical/tilted/inclined bedding describes a bed that exhibits the angle from the horizontal plane as inclined bedding (<10°) to vertical bed- ding (>70°). Structureless beds are not specifically entered, but beds Figure F5. Example of a graphic VCD form showing major data sets collected during Expedition 355.
that are homogeneous in lithology and color and exhibit no bed- ding, cross-bedding, grading, bioturbation, or bed disturbance are described as massive or structureless in the core description. For Expedition 355, we used various terminologies for sedimentary structures. When identifiable, folds, slump folds, microfaults, and ichnofossils such as Zoophycos, Chondrites, Skolithos, and Plano- lites burrows (Ekdale et al., 1984) were reported in the Sedimentary structures column as well as in core summary. genic structures (e.g., burrows), and other structures related to the depositional environment (normal/reverse grading, parallel bed- ding, cross-bedding, etc.), were entered into DESClogik. Cross-bed- ding describes a bed that contains thin horizontal or inclined laminations <1 cm in thickness with inclined internal foresets. Ver- tical/tilted/inclined bedding describes a bed that exhibits the angle from the horizontal plane as inclined bedding (<10°) to vertical bed- ding (>70°). Structureless beds are not specifically entered, but beds Figure F5. Example of a graphic VCD form showing major data sets collected during Expedition 355.
Table T1. Calcareous nannofossil events and GTS2012 ages (Gradstein et al., 2012) used during Expedition 355. B = base/first occurrence datum, T = top/last occurrence datum, Bc = base common, Tc = top common, X = crossover. Bold = zonal boundary definition. (Continued on next page.) Download table in .csv format.
Table T1. Calcareous nannofossil events and GTS2012 ages (Gradstein et al., 2012) used during Expedition 355. B = base/first occurrence datum, T = top/last occurrence datum, Bc = base common, Tc = top common, X = crossover. Bold = zonal boundary definition. (Continued on next page.) Download table in .csv format.
Figure F9 (continued). (Continued on next page). Saunders (1985), Toumarkine and Luterbacher (1985), Spezzaferri (1994), and Olsson et al. (1999). Although the base of the Plio- cene/Pleistocene boundary was changed to 2.58 Ma by The Interna- tional Commission on Stratigraphy (Gibbard et al., 2010), we follow the biostratigraphic zonal nomenclature of Wade et al. (2011) be- cause a modified zonation for the early Pleistocene and late Pliocene is not yet available.
Figure F9 (continued). (Continued on next page). Saunders (1985), Toumarkine and Luterbacher (1985), Spezzaferri (1994), and Olsson et al. (1999). Although the base of the Plio- cene/Pleistocene boundary was changed to 2.58 Ma by The Interna- tional Commission on Stratigraphy (Gibbard et al., 2010), we follow the biostratigraphic zonal nomenclature of Wade et al. (2011) be- cause a modified zonation for the early Pleistocene and late Pliocene is not yet available.
Figure F9 (continued). The following planktonic foraminifer abundance categories rel- ative to total sediment particles were estimated from visual exam- ination of the dried sample in the >150 um size fraction as oven (~50°C). The dried samples were sieved over a 150 tm sieve, retaining the 63-150 um size fraction for additional observation when necessary. In order to avoid contamination between succes- sive samples, sieves used for wet sieving were cleaned in an ultra- sonic bath for several minutes, and those used for dry sieving were cleaned with compressed air. Samples with abundant planktonic foraminifers (>150 «um size fraction) were split using a microsplitter into representative aliquots containing ~400 s pecimens of plank- tonic foraminifers. The entire sample was examined when contain- ing fewer planktonic foraminifer specimens. The >150 um size fraction was examined under a Zeiss Discovery V8 microscope equipped with a SPOT Idea 3.1 Mp digital camera for species iden- tification. All age-diagnostic species of planktonic foraminifers were picked and mounted onto faunal slides.
Figure F9 (continued). The following planktonic foraminifer abundance categories rel- ative to total sediment particles were estimated from visual exam- ination of the dried sample in the >150 um size fraction as oven (~50°C). The dried samples were sieved over a 150 tm sieve, retaining the 63-150 um size fraction for additional observation when necessary. In order to avoid contamination between succes- sive samples, sieves used for wet sieving were cleaned in an ultra- sonic bath for several minutes, and those used for dry sieving were cleaned with compressed air. Samples with abundant planktonic foraminifers (>150 «um size fraction) were split using a microsplitter into representative aliquots containing ~400 s pecimens of plank- tonic foraminifers. The entire sample was examined when contain- ing fewer planktonic foraminifer specimens. The >150 um size fraction was examined under a Zeiss Discovery V8 microscope equipped with a SPOT Idea 3.1 Mp digital camera for species iden- tification. All age-diagnostic species of planktonic foraminifers were picked and mounted onto faunal slides.
Table T3. Radiolarian events and ages (Gradstein et al., 2012 [GTS2012]) used during Expedition 355. B = base/first occurrence datum, T = top/last occurrence datum. (Continued on next two pages.) Download table in .csv format.
Table T3. Radiolarian events and ages (Gradstein et al., 2012 [GTS2012]) used during Expedition 355. B = base/first occurrence datum, T = top/last occurrence datum. (Continued on next two pages.) Download table in .csv format.
Table T3 (continued). (Continued on next page.)
Table T3 (continued). (Continued on next page.)
Table T4. Diatom events and ages correlated to the GTS2012 (Gradstein et al., 2012) timescale used during Expedition 355.CK95 = Cande and Kent (1995), GPC = geomagnetic polarity chron. B = base/first occurrence datum, T = top/last occurrence datum, Tc = top common datum. Bold = zonal boundary defini- tion. A/B, B/C = subzonal boundaries. (Continued on next page.) Download table in .csv format.
Table T4. Diatom events and ages correlated to the GTS2012 (Gradstein et al., 2012) timescale used during Expedition 355.CK95 = Cande and Kent (1995), GPC = geomagnetic polarity chron. B = base/first occurrence datum, T = top/last occurrence datum, Tc = top common datum. Bold = zonal boundary defini- tion. A/B, B/C = subzonal boundaries. (Continued on next page.) Download table in .csv format.
Table T4 (continued).
Table T4 (continued).
Figure F10. Depth scales used during Expedition 355. Blue, dark gray, and purple intervals = recovered core. Dashed and dotted lines = equivalent horizons. The CSF-A scale is established by adding the curated core length to the core top DSF depth of each core. Red intervals = core expansion cre- ates apparent overlaps and stratigraphic reversals when data are plotted on the CSF-A scale. Red dashed arrows = CCSF scale constructed by correlating distinct horizons identified in multiple holes from a drill site. The splice is constructed by combining selected intervals (purple) such that coring gaps and disturbed section are excluded, resulting in a complete stratigraphic section (less any natural, sedimentological hiatuses). Blue dashed lines = stratigraphic horizons that do not align because of lateral facies variations or drilling-induced disturbance.
Figure F10. Depth scales used during Expedition 355. Blue, dark gray, and purple intervals = recovered core. Dashed and dotted lines = equivalent horizons. The CSF-A scale is established by adding the curated core length to the core top DSF depth of each core. Red intervals = core expansion cre- ates apparent overlaps and stratigraphic reversals when data are plotted on the CSF-A scale. Red dashed arrows = CCSF scale constructed by correlating distinct horizons identified in multiple holes from a drill site. The splice is constructed by combining selected intervals (purple) such that coring gaps and disturbed section are excluded, resulting in a complete stratigraphic section (less any natural, sedimentological hiatuses). Blue dashed lines = stratigraphic horizons that do not align because of lateral facies variations or drilling-induced disturbance.
Geochemistry Table T5. Major and trace element XRF anlayses for international basalt rock standards analyzed with Site U1457 basement samples. Download table in _csv format.
Geochemistry Table T5. Major and trace element XRF anlayses for international basalt rock standards analyzed with Site U1457 basement samples. Download table in _csv format.
Figure F13. Coordinate systems used for archive and working-half sections and SQUID during Expedition 355. Note that hardware conventions are dif- ferent for the 2G demagnetizer.
Figure F13. Coordinate systems used for archive and working-half sections and SQUID during Expedition 355. Note that hardware conventions are dif- ferent for the 2G demagnetizer.
Figure F14. A. Japanese sampling cube (7 cm?). B. Measurement positions in the JR-6A spinner magnetometer. C. The three positions for SRM measure- ments designated by the direction of the “up” arrow face (gray) with respect to a user facing the magnetometer in the sample loading area and the direc- tion of the up arrow with respect to the magnetometer +z-axis.
Figure F14. A. Japanese sampling cube (7 cm?). B. Measurement positions in the JR-6A spinner magnetometer. C. The three positions for SRM measure- ments designated by the direction of the “up” arrow face (gray) with respect to a user facing the magnetometer in the sample loading area and the direc- tion of the up arrow with respect to the magnetometer +z-axis.
Table T6. Geomagnetic polarity timescale used during Expedition 355. (Continued on next two pages.) Download table in .csv format.
Table T6. Geomagnetic polarity timescale used during Expedition 355. (Continued on next two pages.) Download table in .csv format.
Table T6 (continued). (Continued on next page.)
Table T6 (continued). (Continued on next page.)
Table T6 (continued).
Table T6 (continued).
Figure F16. Onboard WRMSL, which measures GRA bulk density, magnetic susceptibility, and P-wave velocity. A water standard is measured at the end of each core for QA/QC purposes.
Figure F16. Onboard WRMSL, which measures GRA bulk density, magnetic susceptibility, and P-wave velocity. A water standard is measured at the end of each core for QA/QC purposes.
Figure F17. NGRL on board for whole-round cores, which conducts eigt measurements at a time in two positions, resulting in 16 measurements pe core. Figure F18. Main elements of the NGRL (Vasiliev et al., 2011).
Figure F17. NGRL on board for whole-round cores, which conducts eigt measurements at a time in two positions, resulting in 16 measurements pe core. Figure F18. Main elements of the NGRL (Vasiliev et al., 2011).
Figure F19. SHMG showing the x-axis caliper and y- and z-axis bayonets to measure P-wave velocity on split core sections of soft sediment or discrete samples of indurated sediment or igneous rock. AVS is used to measure shear strength. A. Deformation in the sediment after rotation of the vane. B. Measurement of P-wave velocity on an igneous rock discrete sample using the x-axis caliper. P-wave velocity
Figure F19. SHMG showing the x-axis caliper and y- and z-axis bayonets to measure P-wave velocity on split core sections of soft sediment or discrete samples of indurated sediment or igneous rock. AVS is used to measure shear strength. A. Deformation in the sediment after rotation of the vane. B. Measurement of P-wave velocity on an igneous rock discrete sample using the x-axis caliper. P-wave velocity
Figure F20. Pocket penetrometer for measuring (unconfined) compressive strength.
Figure F20. Pocket penetrometer for measuring (unconfined) compressive strength.
Figure F21. Pycnometer used to measure volume of dry samples, either in small vials for soft sediment or as discrete samples.
Figure F21. Pycnometer used to measure volume of dry samples, either in small vials for soft sediment or as discrete samples.
Table T7. Downhole measurements made by wireline tool strings during Expedition 355. For definitions of tool acronyms, see Table T8. All tool and tool string names except the MSS are trademarks of Schlumberger. Download table in .csv format. Table T8. Acronyms and units used for downhole wireline tools and measurements during Expedition 355. Download table in .csv format
Table T7. Downhole measurements made by wireline tool strings during Expedition 355. For definitions of tool acronyms, see Table T8. All tool and tool string names except the MSS are trademarks of Schlumberger. Download table in .csv format. Table T8. Acronyms and units used for downhole wireline tools and measurements during Expedition 355. Download table in .csv format
ment of the hole are used to check the contact quality. The PEF log should be used with caution when multiple mud sweeps are used to stabilize the borehole and especially in washouts, because barium in the logging mud swamps the signal, regardless of attempts to cor- rect for the mud effect. produces fast (14.4 MeV) neutrons and five neutron detectors (four epithermal and one thermal) positioned at different distances from the minitron. The tool’s detectors count neutrons that arrive at the detectors after being scattered and slowed by collisions with atomic nuclei in the formation.
ment of the hole are used to check the contact quality. The PEF log should be used with caution when multiple mud sweeps are used to stabilize the borehole and especially in washouts, because barium in the logging mud swamps the signal, regardless of attempts to cor- rect for the mud effect. produces fast (14.4 MeV) neutrons and five neutron detectors (four epithermal and one thermal) positioned at different distances from the minitron. The tool’s detectors count neutrons that arrive at the detectors after being scattered and slowed by collisions with atomic nuclei in the formation.
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