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Fig. 5. EPMA-SEM secondary electron images (a, c, e) and backscattered electron images (b, d, f), scanned from specimens of the ceramic body of sample Esur-106 (a, b), the black decoration of sample Esur-115B (c, d) and the red decoration of sample Esur-103 (e, f).

Figure 5 EPMA-SEM secondary electron images (a, c, e) and backscattered electron images (b, d, f), scanned from specimens of the ceramic body of sample Esur-106 (a, b), the black decoration of sample Esur-115B (c, d) and the red decoration of sample Esur-103 (e, f).

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Fig. 1. Location map of Tel Esur and other LBA sites in the Levant. The background is a Digital Shaded Relief Map of Israel, the western margins of Jordan, anc southern Lebanon by John K. Hall and Rani Calvo, The Geological Survey of Israel.
Fig. 1. Location map of Tel Esur and other LBA sites in the Levant. The background is a Digital Shaded Relief Map of Israel, the western margins of Jordan, anc southern Lebanon by John K. Hall and Rani Calvo, The Geological Survey of Israel.
List of the pottery studied (for details see Shalvi et al., 2019a). (¢ = ceramic body; b = black pigment; r = red pigment). Table 1 “dry” chemical analyses of the ceramic body and the pigments. For the detailed experimental protocol see also our previous works (Shalvi et al., 2019b; Shoval, 2018; Shoval and Gilboa, 2016; Shoval and Paz, 2015). 2. Materials and methods
List of the pottery studied (for details see Shalvi et al., 2019a). (¢ = ceramic body; b = black pigment; r = red pigment). Table 1 “dry” chemical analyses of the ceramic body and the pigments. For the detailed experimental protocol see also our previous works (Shalvi et al., 2019b; Shoval, 2018; Shoval and Gilboa, 2016; Shoval and Paz, 2015). 2. Materials and methods
Fig. 3. Photographs of potsherds studied.
Fig. 3. Photographs of potsherds studied.
Fig. 4. Ceramic-petrography photomicrographs of thin sections analyzed from 13 painted Canaanite vessels from Tel Esur (cross-polarized light). Major coarse particles are quartz grains (Qu), fragments of carbonate rocks (CR) and kurkar (Ku) and some iron concretions (IC), calcareous algae (CA) and foraminifera (Fo).
Fig. 4. Ceramic-petrography photomicrographs of thin sections analyzed from 13 painted Canaanite vessels from Tel Esur (cross-polarized light). Major coarse particles are quartz grains (Qu), fragments of carbonate rocks (CR) and kurkar (Ku) and some iron concretions (IC), calcareous algae (CA) and foraminifera (Fo).
Major elements (oxides; in mass %) in the ceramic body (c), the black (b) and red (r) pigments of the painted pottery fragments as shown by pXRF analysis (for each specimen the data are normalized to 100%).
Major elements (oxides; in mass %) in the ceramic body (c), the black (b) and red (r) pigments of the painted pottery fragments as shown by pXRF analysis (for each specimen the data are normalized to 100%).
A-ICP-MS analysis (major elements, oxides in mass %; trace elements in ppm) of comparative manganese ores from Timna in southern Israel and Faynan in Jordan LA = line analysis and SA = spot analysis). The results are compared with those published by Dill et al. (2013). CaO (Fig. 6e) reflects the presence of fine calcite within the ceramic material (Fabbri et al., 2014; Shoval, 2003). The elemental maps of the black decoration (Fig. 7) illustrate prominent concentrations of Fe203 and MnO, indicative of the ferromanganese composition. The non- homogeneous distribution patterns of the detected elements in the maps reflect the granular microstructure of the pigment grains. The elemental maps of the red decoration (Fig. 8) show higher concentrations of Fe203 and only traces of MnO in comparison with those of the black decora- tion. Group A (N = 9) is characterized by a significant amount of quartz grains within the ceramic matrix, which point to raw material rich in quartz grains from Israel’s Sharon plain (Fig. 1). In Group A-1, the quartz grains are combined with coarse fragments of carbonate rocks (Group A-1a), part of the latter containing foraminifera fossils (Groups A-1b). This indicates an origin on the northeastern Sharon, but closer to the hill country to the east where these rocks are exposed. In Group A-2 the absence of coarse fragments of carbonate rocks within the ceramic matrix (Group A-2a) and the combination of quartz grains with coarse kurkar particles that also comprise quartz grains (Group A-2b) point to raw materials from the western Sharon or the Carmel coast just north of the Sharon plain (for the latter group, west of the coastal kurkar ridges, see Gvirtzman et al., 1998).
A-ICP-MS analysis (major elements, oxides in mass %; trace elements in ppm) of comparative manganese ores from Timna in southern Israel and Faynan in Jordan LA = line analysis and SA = spot analysis). The results are compared with those published by Dill et al. (2013). CaO (Fig. 6e) reflects the presence of fine calcite within the ceramic material (Fabbri et al., 2014; Shoval, 2003). The elemental maps of the black decoration (Fig. 7) illustrate prominent concentrations of Fe203 and MnO, indicative of the ferromanganese composition. The non- homogeneous distribution patterns of the detected elements in the maps reflect the granular microstructure of the pigment grains. The elemental maps of the red decoration (Fig. 8) show higher concentrations of Fe203 and only traces of MnO in comparison with those of the black decora- tion. Group A (N = 9) is characterized by a significant amount of quartz grains within the ceramic matrix, which point to raw material rich in quartz grains from Israel’s Sharon plain (Fig. 1). In Group A-1, the quartz grains are combined with coarse fragments of carbonate rocks (Group A-1a), part of the latter containing foraminifera fossils (Groups A-1b). This indicates an origin on the northeastern Sharon, but closer to the hill country to the east where these rocks are exposed. In Group A-2 the absence of coarse fragments of carbonate rocks within the ceramic matrix (Group A-2a) and the combination of quartz grains with coarse kurkar particles that also comprise quartz grains (Group A-2b) point to raw materials from the western Sharon or the Carmel coast just north of the Sharon plain (for the latter group, west of the coastal kurkar ridges, see Gvirtzman et al., 1998).
Fig. 6. EPMA-WDS elemental maps (oxides; color scale in mass %) scanned from the ceramic body on sample Esur-106C (corresponding to the SEM images in Fig. 5a, b): (a) SiOz; (b) Al2O3; (c) Fe203; (d) MnO; (e) CaO; and (f) MgO.
Fig. 6. EPMA-WDS elemental maps (oxides; color scale in mass %) scanned from the ceramic body on sample Esur-106C (corresponding to the SEM images in Fig. 5a, b): (a) SiOz; (b) Al2O3; (c) Fe203; (d) MnO; (e) CaO; and (f) MgO.
Fig. 7. EPMA-WDS elemental maps (oxides; color scale in mass %) scanned from the black decoration on sample Esur-115B (corresponding to the SEM images in Fig. 5c, d): (a) SiOz; (b) Al,O3; (c) Fe203; (d) MnO; (e) CaO; and (f) MgO.
Fig. 7. EPMA-WDS elemental maps (oxides; color scale in mass %) scanned from the black decoration on sample Esur-115B (corresponding to the SEM images in Fig. 5c, d): (a) SiOz; (b) Al,O3; (c) Fe203; (d) MnO; (e) CaO; and (f) MgO.
EPMA-EDS analysis of the major elements (oxides; in mass %) of the ceramic body (c), the black (b) and the red (r) decorations on selected painted Canaanite potter vessels.
EPMA-EDS analysis of the major elements (oxides; in mass %) of the ceramic body (c), the black (b) and the red (r) decorations on selected painted Canaanite potter vessels.
Fig. 8. EPMA-WDS elemental maps (oxides; color scale in mass %) scanned from the red decoration on sample Esur-103R (corresponding to the SEM images in Fig. 5e, f): (a) SiOz; (b) Al2O3; (c) Fe203; (d) MnO; (e) CaO; and (f) MgO.
Fig. 8. EPMA-WDS elemental maps (oxides; color scale in mass %) scanned from the red decoration on sample Esur-103R (corresponding to the SEM images in Fig. 5e, f): (a) SiOz; (b) Al2O3; (c) Fe203; (d) MnO; (e) CaO; and (f) MgO.
Fig. 10. Diagrams comparing the LA-ICP-MS analyses of the major elements (mass %): (a) Mn-ores of Timna and Faynan (data in Table 6); (b) Cyprus umber Mn-ore, data from Shalvi et al., 2019b); (c) black pigments on Canaanite pottery (data in Table 5); (d) black pigments on Cypriot White Slip II ware at Esur (data from Shalvi et al., 2019b). The data of the individual specimens are normalized per 10% MnO. The compositions of the trace elements of the black pigments on the painted Canaanite pottery (Fig. 10c) also match those on the Cypriot The corresponding compositions of the black decorations on the Canaanite pottery, the Cypriot White Slip II ware and the Cypriot umber ore (Figs. 10, 11), support the possibility that the source of the ferromanganese pigment used for black decoration in at least some of the LBA Canaanite workshops on the southern Levantine coastal plain was umber ore imported from the island. In contrast, the diverse compositions vs. the manganese ores from Timna and Faynan indicate that these ores were not used for these pigments. These observations fit
Fig. 10. Diagrams comparing the LA-ICP-MS analyses of the major elements (mass %): (a) Mn-ores of Timna and Faynan (data in Table 6); (b) Cyprus umber Mn-ore, data from Shalvi et al., 2019b); (c) black pigments on Canaanite pottery (data in Table 5); (d) black pigments on Cypriot White Slip II ware at Esur (data from Shalvi et al., 2019b). The data of the individual specimens are normalized per 10% MnO. The compositions of the trace elements of the black pigments on the painted Canaanite pottery (Fig. 10c) also match those on the Cypriot The corresponding compositions of the black decorations on the Canaanite pottery, the Cypriot White Slip II ware and the Cypriot umber ore (Figs. 10, 11), support the possibility that the source of the ferromanganese pigment used for black decoration in at least some of the LBA Canaanite workshops on the southern Levantine coastal plain was umber ore imported from the island. In contrast, the diverse compositions vs. the manganese ores from Timna and Faynan indicate that these ores were not used for these pigments. These observations fit
ig. 9. Results of the pXRF analysis of selected elements (oxides; in mass %) in the ceramic body, the black decoration and the red decoration of painted Canaanite ottery from Tel Esur (data in Tables 3, 4): (a) CaO versus SiOz + Al.O3; and (b) MnO versus Fe203.
ig. 9. Results of the pXRF analysis of selected elements (oxides; in mass %) in the ceramic body, the black decoration and the red decoration of painted Canaanite ottery from Tel Esur (data in Tables 3, 4): (a) CaO versus SiOz + Al.O3; and (b) MnO versus Fe203.
Fig. 11. Diagrams comparing the LA-ICP-MS analyses of the trace elements (ppm): (a) Mn-ores of Timna and Faynan (data in Table 6); (b) Cyprus umber Mn ore, date from Shalvi et al., 2019b); (c) black pigment on Canaanite pottery (data in Table 5); (d) black pigment on Cypriot White Slip II ware (data from Shalvi et al., 2019b) The data of the individual specimens are normalized per 10% MnO.
Fig. 11. Diagrams comparing the LA-ICP-MS analyses of the trace elements (ppm): (a) Mn-ores of Timna and Faynan (data in Table 6); (b) Cyprus umber Mn ore, date from Shalvi et al., 2019b); (c) black pigment on Canaanite pottery (data in Table 5); (d) black pigment on Cypriot White Slip II ware (data from Shalvi et al., 2019b) The data of the individual specimens are normalized per 10% MnO.
Related topics:
ArchaeologyLate Bronze Age archaeologyPigments (Chemistry)LA-ICP-MSHistory of Pigments
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