Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Figure 16 – uploaded by Marwa M El Sayed

See full PDFdownloadDownload figure
Milling the Produced Hydrogel

Figure 16 Milling the Produced Hydrogel

Related Figures (26)

Fig. 1 Classification of hydrogels based on the different properties
Fig. 1 Classification of hydrogels based on the different properties
Fig. 2 Sources of cellulose for hydrogel production [29]
Fig. 2 Sources of cellulose for hydrogel production [29]
Table1 Examples of natural polymers used in hydrogel synthesis APS ammonium per sulphate, CAN ceric ammonium nitrate, MBA N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide, VTMS vinyl tri-methoxysilane
Table1 Examples of natural polymers used in hydrogel synthesis APS ammonium per sulphate, CAN ceric ammonium nitrate, MBA N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide, VTMS vinyl tri-methoxysilane
Fig. 3 Various techniques of chemical cross-linkages polymerization otep “Growth Folymerization Condensalion polymerizalion TEMED and N-3-dimethylaminopropyl-N-ethyl carbodi- imide (EDC), two polyfunctional crosslinking agents, are gradually mixed during condensation and addition polym- A series of experiments have been conducted to demon- strate the free radical polymerization process. In general, there are three stages: (1) initiation, in which initiators decompose at high temperatures and produce free radicals; (2) propagation, in which active sites attack vinyl monomers to copolymerize and complete the grafting polymerization; and (3) termination, in which a 3D network structure is cre- ated with the help of cross-linkers [12]. It should be noted that in the reaction systems, monomer cross-linking, and self-polymerization can both occur at the same time. For instance, ethylene glycol di-methacrylate (EGDMA) was
Fig. 3 Various techniques of chemical cross-linkages polymerization otep “Growth Folymerization Condensalion polymerizalion TEMED and N-3-dimethylaminopropyl-N-ethyl carbodi- imide (EDC), two polyfunctional crosslinking agents, are gradually mixed during condensation and addition polym- A series of experiments have been conducted to demon- strate the free radical polymerization process. In general, there are three stages: (1) initiation, in which initiators decompose at high temperatures and produce free radicals; (2) propagation, in which active sites attack vinyl monomers to copolymerize and complete the grafting polymerization; and (3) termination, in which a 3D network structure is cre- ated with the help of cross-linkers [12]. It should be noted that in the reaction systems, monomer cross-linking, and self-polymerization can both occur at the same time. For instance, ethylene glycol di-methacrylate (EGDMA) was
Polysaccharides, PVA, PEG, and PAA were discov- ered to be polymers for irradiation-based crosslinking. It was discovered that during irradiation, polysaccharides with carboxylic acid groups participated in a crosslinking process [50]. For example, a grafted copolymer derived from gum ghatti (Gg) and acrylic acid was synthesized by gamma radiation [51]. In order to create composite poly- mer hydrogels, a grafting process was carried out in the presence of a low concentration of potassium persulfate initiator and MBA crosslinker using microwave (MW) or ultraviolet (UV) irradiation techniques [52]. In another study, branched polyethyleneimine (PEI)-grafted GO- AgNPs antibacterial nanocomposites (PEI-GO-AgNPs) were integrated using microwave irradiation to develop a slow-release antibacterial hydrogel for a more stable and sustained antibacterial effect. An antibacterial mechanism has been proposed according to the experimental observa- tion [53].
Polysaccharides, PVA, PEG, and PAA were discov- ered to be polymers for irradiation-based crosslinking. It was discovered that during irradiation, polysaccharides with carboxylic acid groups participated in a crosslinking process [50]. For example, a grafted copolymer derived from gum ghatti (Gg) and acrylic acid was synthesized by gamma radiation [51]. In order to create composite poly- mer hydrogels, a grafting process was carried out in the presence of a low concentration of potassium persulfate initiator and MBA crosslinker using microwave (MW) or ultraviolet (UV) irradiation techniques [52]. In another study, branched polyethyleneimine (PEI)-grafted GO- AgNPs antibacterial nanocomposites (PEI-GO-AgNPs) were integrated using microwave irradiation to develop a slow-release antibacterial hydrogel for a more stable and sustained antibacterial effect. An antibacterial mechanism has been proposed according to the experimental observa- tion [53].
Fig.4 A model for solution polymerization reactor [43]
Fig.4 A model for solution polymerization reactor [43]
Fig.5 Ionic interaction [29] Table 2 illustrate different polysaccharides used as substrate for the polymer hydrogel synthesis via physical crosslinking mechanism [50].
Fig.5 Ionic interaction [29] Table 2 illustrate different polysaccharides used as substrate for the polymer hydrogel synthesis via physical crosslinking mechanism [50].
Fig. 7 Preparation of graphene embedded PVA hydrogel and their dye removal profile [67]
Fig. 7 Preparation of graphene embedded PVA hydrogel and their dye removal profile [67]
Fig.9 Swelling behavior of the hydrogel and NCS (a) comparison of the hydrogel and NCS for adsorption of CV (b) (T=25 °C, the adsorbent dosage =0.3 g/L, pH6, Ci= 10 mg/L, t=2 h) [38]
Fig.9 Swelling behavior of the hydrogel and NCS (a) comparison of the hydrogel and NCS for adsorption of CV (b) (T=25 °C, the adsorbent dosage =0.3 g/L, pH6, Ci= 10 mg/L, t=2 h) [38]
maximum adsorption capacities of 84.5, 73.3, 61, and 97 mg/g for Cr, Co, Ni, and Pb, respectively. For all ions other than Ni, the Tempkin isotherm yielded equivalent results. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided the most accurate description of the adsorption kinetics of Cr, Co, Ni, and Pb using all the composite hydrogels. Inves- tigations were also conducted on further mixtures of acrylic acid salts with Egyptian kaolin (AKM and AKU) or zeolite (AZM and AZU) [72].
maximum adsorption capacities of 84.5, 73.3, 61, and 97 mg/g for Cr, Co, Ni, and Pb, respectively. For all ions other than Ni, the Tempkin isotherm yielded equivalent results. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided the most accurate description of the adsorption kinetics of Cr, Co, Ni, and Pb using all the composite hydrogels. Inves- tigations were also conducted on further mixtures of acrylic acid salts with Egyptian kaolin (AKM and AKU) or zeolite (AZM and AZU) [72].
Fig. 12 Composite hydrogel grown on agar plates after incubation with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus [41] Fig. 11 Schematic representation of Nano Composite Hydrogel based on the source of origin and application in nanotechnology [62]
Fig. 12 Composite hydrogel grown on agar plates after incubation with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus [41] Fig. 11 Schematic representation of Nano Composite Hydrogel based on the source of origin and application in nanotechnology [62]
Fig. 13 Chemical structures of conductive polymers
Fig. 13 Chemical structures of conductive polymers
Fig. 14 Effect of contact time on adsorption capacity of nickle (Ni)
Fig. 14 Effect of contact time on adsorption capacity of nickle (Ni)
Table 4 Summary of the performance of reported various ionic conductive hydrogel Fig. 15 Isothermal tank for heating monomer aqueous solu- tion [91]
Table 4 Summary of the performance of reported various ionic conductive hydrogel Fig. 15 Isothermal tank for heating monomer aqueous solu- tion [91]
For preparing the raw materials which will be used in the polymer composite hydrogel some pretreatment steps have been conducted. In some cases, there is a process for heating the mono- mer before staring the reaction, Fig. 15 shows a device for use in a continuous heating technique to heat an aqueous solution of an acrylic acid-based monomer [91].
For preparing the raw materials which will be used in the polymer composite hydrogel some pretreatment steps have been conducted. In some cases, there is a process for heating the mono- mer before staring the reaction, Fig. 15 shows a device for use in a continuous heating technique to heat an aqueous solution of an acrylic acid-based monomer [91].
Hydrogel Applications
Hydrogel Applications
Soil Erosion Control
Soil Erosion Control
Table 6 Hydrogels and their biomedical applications
Table 6 Hydrogels and their biomedical applications
Fig. 19 The way hydrogels act in water purification by contaminant adsorption [114]
Fig. 19 The way hydrogels act in water purification by contaminant adsorption [114]
Table8 The different polymer hydrogels for dye removal strong water absorption and pollutant immobilization prop- erties are one of the most promising absorbing materials for water purification [67]. These composite polymeric hydro- gels are regarded as advanced composite hydrogels since they may exhibit various features in terms of gel volume, swelling, and hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface proper- ties [113].
Table8 The different polymer hydrogels for dye removal strong water absorption and pollutant immobilization prop- erties are one of the most promising absorbing materials for water purification [67]. These composite polymeric hydro- gels are regarded as advanced composite hydrogels since they may exhibit various features in terms of gel volume, swelling, and hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface proper- ties [113].
crystallinity is lost, and the extra ion group that is created is suitable for higher degrees of graft polymerization, increas- ing the adsorption capacity [120]. An overview of the out- comes for dye removal utilizing various polymeric hydrogels is shown in Table 8.
crystallinity is lost, and the extra ion group that is created is suitable for higher degrees of graft polymerization, increas- ing the adsorption capacity [120]. An overview of the out- comes for dye removal utilizing various polymeric hydrogels is shown in Table 8.
Fig. 20 Advantages of using chitosan for biosensor applications
Fig. 20 Advantages of using chitosan for biosensor applications
580 California St., Suite 400
San Francisco, CA, 94104
© 2025 Academia. All rights reserved