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* Processed results following the elimination of corrosion products and soil elements Table 3. Side-by-side comparison of XRF and SEM-EDS results of the copper-alloy belt buckle plate from Jaffa.

Table 3 * Processed results following the elimination of corrosion products and soil elements Table 3. Side-by-side comparison of XRF and SEM-EDS results of the copper-alloy belt buckle plate from Jaffa.

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Figure 2: Excavation of Jaffa. Left: aerial view of Jaffa’s Old City showing loca- tion of excavation site (oblong) and vicinity of Byzantine-era mosaic floor (circle). Image courtesy of the Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project. Right: photographic excava- tion records showing Byzantine-era mosaic floor and Locus 558 (L558), where the Jaffa buckle-plate was recovered (top), and after excavation (bottom). Images: A. Fantalkin.
Figure 2: Excavation of Jaffa. Left: aerial view of Jaffa’s Old City showing loca- tion of excavation site (oblong) and vicinity of Byzantine-era mosaic floor (circle). Image courtesy of the Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project. Right: photographic excava- tion records showing Byzantine-era mosaic floor and Locus 558 (L558), where the Jaffa buckle-plate was recovered (top), and after excavation (bottom). Images: A. Fantalkin.
Figure 4: SEM images of the belt-buckle plate. The images show the relationship of the three layers (openwork panel, inserted sheet, and backing panel layers, numbered 1, 2, and 3, respectively) and their condition; parts of the engraved-line decorations of the openwork panel; and the round cross-section of one of three rivets that con- nects the layers: (a) the area of the dashed square examined by EDS (SE mode); and (b) bright metallic areas surrounded by darker soil elements and corrosion products (BSE mode). Images: D. Ashkenazi.
Figure 4: SEM images of the belt-buckle plate. The images show the relationship of the three layers (openwork panel, inserted sheet, and backing panel layers, numbered 1, 2, and 3, respectively) and their condition; parts of the engraved-line decorations of the openwork panel; and the round cross-section of one of three rivets that con- nects the layers: (a) the area of the dashed square examined by EDS (SE mode); and (b) bright metallic areas surrounded by darker soil elements and corrosion products (BSE mode). Images: D. Ashkenazi.
Figure 5: SEM images of the belt buckle plate. The images show the relationship of the three layers (openwork panel, inserted sheet, and backing panel layers, num- bered 1, 2, and 3, respectively) and their condition, and parts of the stamped-circle and engraved-line decorations of the openwork panel: (a)—(b) the three layers, where the inserted sheet is comparatively more damaged by corrosion (SE mode and BSE mode, respectively); and (c)—(d) the three layers (SE mode and BSE mode, respec- tively). Note that the edges of the cavities have been mechanically worked (possibly drilled and/or chiseled). Images: D. Ashkenazi.
Figure 5: SEM images of the belt buckle plate. The images show the relationship of the three layers (openwork panel, inserted sheet, and backing panel layers, num- bered 1, 2, and 3, respectively) and their condition, and parts of the stamped-circle and engraved-line decorations of the openwork panel: (a)—(b) the three layers, where the inserted sheet is comparatively more damaged by corrosion (SE mode and BSE mode, respectively); and (c)—(d) the three layers (SE mode and BSE mode, respec- tively). Note that the edges of the cavities have been mechanically worked (possibly drilled and/or chiseled). Images: D. Ashkenazi.
Figure 6: SEM images of the belt buckle plate. The images show the relationship of the inserted sheet and the backing panel layers (numbered 2 and 3, respectively) and their condition: (a)—(b) the inserted sheet and the backing panel layers, where the inserted sheet is comparatively more damaged by corrosion (SE mode and BSE mode, respectively); and (c)-(d) higher magnification of the inserted sheet. Images: D. Ashkenazi.
Figure 6: SEM images of the belt buckle plate. The images show the relationship of the inserted sheet and the backing panel layers (numbered 2 and 3, respectively) and their condition: (a)—(b) the inserted sheet and the backing panel layers, where the inserted sheet is comparatively more damaged by corrosion (SE mode and BSE mode, respectively); and (c)-(d) higher magnification of the inserted sheet. Images: D. Ashkenazi.
Though lacking archaeological provenience, there are dozens of compara- ble specimens in museums and private collections. Closely matching the Jaffa buckle with cruciform monogrammatic devices and sinuously intertwined and goggle-eyed serpentine bodies are two buckles published by Schulze- Dorrlamm that were acquired by the R6misch-Germanisches Zentralmu- seum in Mainz, Germany (RGZM). Although Schulze-D6érrlamm interprets the sinuous formations as vine tendrils and the rondels as fruit, the Jaffa buckle is closely aligned with the only two Group-2h, Type-F8 buckles in her typology (referred to here as RGZM 387 and RGZM 388) (figure 7). Both RGZM 387 and RGZM 388 have a cruciform arrangement of stylized Greek etters congruent to the Jaffa specimen’s, including the eta and lunate sigma being partly delineated with heavily engraved parallel lines. In particular, the designs of the Jaffa specimen are notably similar to those of RGZM 388 of unknown provenance) with respect to the openwork pattern, decorative
Though lacking archaeological provenience, there are dozens of compara- ble specimens in museums and private collections. Closely matching the Jaffa buckle with cruciform monogrammatic devices and sinuously intertwined and goggle-eyed serpentine bodies are two buckles published by Schulze- Dorrlamm that were acquired by the R6misch-Germanisches Zentralmu- seum in Mainz, Germany (RGZM). Although Schulze-D6érrlamm interprets the sinuous formations as vine tendrils and the rondels as fruit, the Jaffa buckle is closely aligned with the only two Group-2h, Type-F8 buckles in her typology (referred to here as RGZM 387 and RGZM 388) (figure 7). Both RGZM 387 and RGZM 388 have a cruciform arrangement of stylized Greek etters congruent to the Jaffa specimen’s, including the eta and lunate sigma being partly delineated with heavily engraved parallel lines. In particular, the designs of the Jaffa specimen are notably similar to those of RGZM 388 of unknown provenance) with respect to the openwork pattern, decorative
Figure 12: Distribution of Type F8 buckles with archaeological provenience. Image. M. Mazis.
Figure 12: Distribution of Type F8 buckles with archaeological provenience. Image. M. Mazis.
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