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Figure 5. Simulated S-parameters against frequency for the various values of W3. Other parameters are the same as listed in Table 1. Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 136, 2023

Figure 5 Simulated S-parameters against frequency for the various values of W3. Other parameters are the same as listed in Table 1. Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 136, 2023

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Table 1. Design parameter of the proposed antenna. elements are kept aside by (W,3) with reference to U-type slot. The optimized feed line of length and width (Ly x Wy) is considered to attain characteristic impedance (Zo) of 509. Table 1 shows the optimized dimension.
Table 1. Design parameter of the proposed antenna. elements are kept aside by (W,3) with reference to U-type slot. The optimized feed line of length and width (Ly x Wy) is considered to attain characteristic impedance (Zo) of 509. Table 1 shows the optimized dimension.
Figure 1. Configuration of 2-element MIMO with optimized parameter. Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 136, 2023
Figure 1. Configuration of 2-element MIMO with optimized parameter. Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 136, 2023
Figure 2. Simulated 5S, against frequency for various design stages. Figure 2 shows various design stages of the antenna transformation from a single antenna tc two-element antenna arrays, and there is a noticeable improvement in bandwidth. Initially, the optimized square shape monopole fed with a microstrip-line consists of partial ground with dimensions (10x10) mm? with an asymmetrical feed line. In design-I, the simulated —10 dB impedance bandwidth ot a rectangular patch radiator with a partial ground has a reflection coefficient ($11) from 3.04—3.54 GHz.
Figure 2. Simulated 5S, against frequency for various design stages. Figure 2 shows various design stages of the antenna transformation from a single antenna tc two-element antenna arrays, and there is a noticeable improvement in bandwidth. Initially, the optimized square shape monopole fed with a microstrip-line consists of partial ground with dimensions (10x10) mm? with an asymmetrical feed line. In design-I, the simulated —10 dB impedance bandwidth ot a rectangular patch radiator with a partial ground has a reflection coefficient ($11) from 3.04—3.54 GHz.
Figure 3. Simulated S-parameters against frequency for the various values of Wy. The other parameters are the same as listed in Table 1. From Figure 5, it is notable that the width of the rectangular stub line (W3) designated on either
Figure 3. Simulated S-parameters against frequency for the various values of Wy. The other parameters are the same as listed in Table 1. From Figure 5, it is notable that the width of the rectangular stub line (W3) designated on either
Figure 4. Simulated S-parameters against frequency for the various values of Lg. The other parameters are the same as listed in Table 1.
Figure 4. Simulated S-parameters against frequency for the various values of Lg. The other parameters are the same as listed in Table 1.
Figure 6. Current distributions of the proposed antenna with and without a I-shaped stub with port 2 (excited) at 4.5 GHz. To further realize the effectiveness of the antenna, the current distribution on the antenna surface i studied. The current distribution at the resonant frequency (4.5GHz) is observed with and withou I-shaped stub when port 1 is terminated with 502 load, and port 2 is excited as depicted in Figure ¢ The basic fundamental of this design is to minimize mutual coupling between neighbouring element with the help of a rectangular stub connected at the bottom side of the patch so that generated fiel will get cancelled between adjoining patches and maintain current integrity by reducing interferenc using inverted T shape element, and hence direct coupling between two antennas is reduced.
Figure 6. Current distributions of the proposed antenna with and without a I-shaped stub with port 2 (excited) at 4.5 GHz. To further realize the effectiveness of the antenna, the current distribution on the antenna surface i studied. The current distribution at the resonant frequency (4.5GHz) is observed with and withou I-shaped stub when port 1 is terminated with 502 load, and port 2 is excited as depicted in Figure ¢ The basic fundamental of this design is to minimize mutual coupling between neighbouring element with the help of a rectangular stub connected at the bottom side of the patch so that generated fiel will get cancelled between adjoining patches and maintain current integrity by reducing interferenc using inverted T shape element, and hence direct coupling between two antennas is reduced.
Figure 7. Measurement environment of two element MIMO using Rohde and Schwarz vector network analyser. shown in Figure 7. The measured and simulated S-parameter results are obtained as shown in Figure 8. The simulated and measured results show an impedance bandwidth of 2.8 GHz (2.92 to 5.72 GHz) in comparison to various reported antennas shown in Table 2. The S-parameters show almost similar characteristics with little deviation in the simulated and measured values due to manufacture and soldering imperfections, including subminiature version A (SMA). Moreover, antenna elements are successfully isolated from one another, with minimum isolation value of —15dB throughout band which satisfies 3-GPP requirement for sub-6 GHz (n77/n78/n79) communication and 5 GHz Wireless-LAN.
Figure 7. Measurement environment of two element MIMO using Rohde and Schwarz vector network analyser. shown in Figure 7. The measured and simulated S-parameter results are obtained as shown in Figure 8. The simulated and measured results show an impedance bandwidth of 2.8 GHz (2.92 to 5.72 GHz) in comparison to various reported antennas shown in Table 2. The S-parameters show almost similar characteristics with little deviation in the simulated and measured values due to manufacture and soldering imperfections, including subminiature version A (SMA). Moreover, antenna elements are successfully isolated from one another, with minimum isolation value of —15dB throughout band which satisfies 3-GPP requirement for sub-6 GHz (n77/n78/n79) communication and 5 GHz Wireless-LAN.
Figure 8. Simulated and measured S$-parameter of proposed 5G MIMO antenna.
Figure 8. Simulated and measured S$-parameter of proposed 5G MIMO antenna.
Figure 9. Measured and simulated radiation characteristics of proposed MIMO antenna. (a) 4 GHz (b) 4.5 GHz, (c) 5 GHz, (d) 5.5 GHz. The two-dimensional radiation pattern of proposed MIMO antenna in the E and H planes can b seen in Figure 9. During the analysis of radiation pattern. Initially, port 1 is excited, and port 2 i terminated with 509 load. The FE plane pattern is out of phase with each other. H plane pattern i slightly quasi-omnidirectional at low frequency, and with the high frequency, some deviation is observe
Figure 9. Measured and simulated radiation characteristics of proposed MIMO antenna. (a) 4 GHz (b) 4.5 GHz, (c) 5 GHz, (d) 5.5 GHz. The two-dimensional radiation pattern of proposed MIMO antenna in the E and H planes can b seen in Figure 9. During the analysis of radiation pattern. Initially, port 1 is excited, and port 2 i terminated with 509 load. The FE plane pattern is out of phase with each other. H plane pattern i slightly quasi-omnidirectional at low frequency, and with the high frequency, some deviation is observe
Xo is the free space wavelength. Table 2. Comparison of proposed MIMO antenna with recently reported design.
Xo is the free space wavelength. Table 2. Comparison of proposed MIMO antenna with recently reported design.
Figure 10. Realized gain and radiation efficiency of the proposed MIMO antenna. Figure 10 shows the realized gain and efficiency of the proposed MIMO antenna. In the entire frequency band, it is observed that the realized gain varies from 0.25 to 3.118 dB, and radiation efficiency varies between 87.19% and 95.005%.
Figure 10. Realized gain and radiation efficiency of the proposed MIMO antenna. Figure 10 shows the realized gain and efficiency of the proposed MIMO antenna. In the entire frequency band, it is observed that the realized gain varies from 0.25 to 3.118 dB, and radiation efficiency varies between 87.19% and 95.005%.
Figure 11. Various performance parameter of the MIMO antenna. MIMO antenna behaviour is evaluated on the basis of various parameters as ECC, DG, MEG, TARC and CCL as represented in Figure 11. The ECC measures the correlation between closely spaced
Figure 11. Various performance parameter of the MIMO antenna. MIMO antenna behaviour is evaluated on the basis of various parameters as ECC, DG, MEG, TARC and CCL as represented in Figure 11. The ECC measures the correlation between closely spaced
Figure 12. Simulated and measured result of ECC and DG for the proposed MIMO antenna. Diversity is calculated for n x n combination antenna, in which the data is obtained in the form of the stream from the various transmitter paths. The signal must follow a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) value at the other end to get an improved signal strength with minimum attenuation. From Equation (2), it is concluded that the lower value of the correlation coefficient enhances the diversity gain. It is seen from Figure 12 that the simulated and measured values of the DG are almost identical and greater than 9.99 dB.
Figure 12. Simulated and measured result of ECC and DG for the proposed MIMO antenna. Diversity is calculated for n x n combination antenna, in which the data is obtained in the form of the stream from the various transmitter paths. The signal must follow a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) value at the other end to get an improved signal strength with minimum attenuation. From Equation (2), it is concluded that the lower value of the correlation coefficient enhances the diversity gain. It is seen from Figure 12 that the simulated and measured values of the DG are almost identical and greater than 9.99 dB.
If antenna has two ports, then TARC is given as, given that Ri is a total reflected and Ji is a total incident signal at Port 1 and Port 2 of the antenna, and S-matrix for 2-element MIMO antenna is represented by $11, S12, S21, So. Finally, Ri, Ro and , Ig are the reflected and incident signals at port 1 and port 2, and $41, S12, S21, and S22 are the reflection and transmission parameters of 2-element antenna. Figure 13 shows the graph of the simulated and measured results of the TARC. The desired value of the TARC for MIMO systems is < OdB. It is observed from Figure 13 that the value of TARC is less than —9dB for the operational band.
If antenna has two ports, then TARC is given as, given that Ri is a total reflected and Ji is a total incident signal at Port 1 and Port 2 of the antenna, and S-matrix for 2-element MIMO antenna is represented by $11, S12, S21, So. Finally, Ri, Ro and , Ig are the reflected and incident signals at port 1 and port 2, and $41, S12, S21, and S22 are the reflection and transmission parameters of 2-element antenna. Figure 13 shows the graph of the simulated and measured results of the TARC. The desired value of the TARC for MIMO systems is < OdB. It is observed from Figure 13 that the value of TARC is less than —9dB for the operational band.
Figure 13. Simulated and measured result of the TARC for the proposed MIMO antenna.
Figure 13. Simulated and measured result of the TARC for the proposed MIMO antenna.
Figure 14. Simulated and measured MEG versus frequency for the proposed MIMO antenna. Table 3. MEG at various frequencies of the proposed MIMO antenna.
Figure 14. Simulated and measured MEG versus frequency for the proposed MIMO antenna. Table 3. MEG at various frequencies of the proposed MIMO antenna.
Figure 15. Simulated and measured CCL versus frequency for the proposed MIMO antenna.
Figure 15. Simulated and measured CCL versus frequency for the proposed MIMO antenna.
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