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Fig. 4 Phase relations. A Modified from Potter and Barnes (1978); B-C simplified after Sharma et al. (1993) (C=cinnabar; M=metacinnabar; H=hypercinnabar)

Figure 4 Phase relations. A Modified from Potter and Barnes (1978); B-C simplified after Sharma et al. (1993) (C=cinnabar; M=metacinnabar; H=hypercinnabar)

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Cinnabar is a trigonal phase (Table 1; Fig. 2), constituted by helical chains of -S-Hg-S-Hg-. Metacinnabar (8-HgS) is an isometric black mineral with a zincblende structure (Table 1; Figs. 1-2), whose structure has been investigated by Lehman (1924), Wyckoff (1963) and Ballirano et al. (2013).
Cinnabar is a trigonal phase (Table 1; Fig. 2), constituted by helical chains of -S-Hg-S-Hg-. Metacinnabar (8-HgS) is an isometric black mineral with a zincblende structure (Table 1; Figs. 1-2), whose structure has been investigated by Lehman (1924), Wyckoff (1963) and Ballirano et al. (2013).
Table 1 Space groups and structural parameters of Hg-minerals mentioned in text
Table 1 Space groups and structural parameters of Hg-minerals mentioned in text
Fig.2 XRD patterns (Cu-K«) and (ball-stick) packing along a, b and c (unit cell shown) of cinnabar and metacinnabar. A Buckley and Vernon (1925); I Ramsdell (1925); C Auvray and Genet (1973); D Lehmann (1924); E Wyckoff (1963)
Fig.2 XRD patterns (Cu-K«) and (ball-stick) packing along a, b and c (unit cell shown) of cinnabar and metacinnabar. A Buckley and Vernon (1925); I Ramsdell (1925); C Auvray and Genet (1973); D Lehmann (1924); E Wyckoff (1963)
Fig.3 XRD patterns (Cu-Ka) and (ball-stick) packing along b and c (unit cell shown) of calomel. A Havighurst (1926); B Hylleraas (1926); C Wyckoff (1963)
Fig.3 XRD patterns (Cu-Ka) and (ball-stick) packing along b and c (unit cell shown) of calomel. A Havighurst (1926); B Hylleraas (1926); C Wyckoff (1963)
Fig. 5 Main cinnabar deposits. Data from Supplementary Table 1
Fig. 5 Main cinnabar deposits. Data from Supplementary Table 1
Fig. 6 Cinnabar in funerary contexts — Spain and Portugal. The geographic location of the sites listed in Table 2
Fig. 6 Cinnabar in funerary contexts — Spain and Portugal. The geographic location of the sites listed in Table 2
Fig. 7 Cinnabar in funerary contexts — Meso- and South America. The geographic location of the sites listed in Table 3. Sites 14a and 14b correspond to Tikal and Sacul, respectively. Site 5-6 indicates the location of Dzibanché
Fig. 7 Cinnabar in funerary contexts — Meso- and South America. The geographic location of the sites listed in Table 3. Sites 14a and 14b correspond to Tikal and Sacul, respectively. Site 5-6 indicates the location of Dzibanché
Nigde; (7) Madsan Sb deposit, Camardi, Nigde; (8) Kisecik Au deposit, Antakya, Hatay; (9) Akoluk, Ulubey, Ordu. Data from Mindat.org except for Sizma. The archaeological site of Catalhdytik is indicated with the red filled circle Fig. 8 Cinnabar deposits and occurrences in Turkey. (1) Kucukyenice, Ivrindi, Balikesir, Marmara; (2) Baglar Hill, Mumcu, Balikesir, Marmara; (3) Emirli Sb-Au deposit, Odemis, Izmir; (4) Halikéy Hg deposit, Odemis, Izmir; (5) Sizma, Selcuklu, Konya; (6) Rasih-thsan occurrence,
Nigde; (7) Madsan Sb deposit, Camardi, Nigde; (8) Kisecik Au deposit, Antakya, Hatay; (9) Akoluk, Ulubey, Ordu. Data from Mindat.org except for Sizma. The archaeological site of Catalhdytik is indicated with the red filled circle Fig. 8 Cinnabar deposits and occurrences in Turkey. (1) Kucukyenice, Ivrindi, Balikesir, Marmara; (2) Baglar Hill, Mumcu, Balikesir, Marmara; (3) Emirli Sb-Au deposit, Odemis, Izmir; (4) Halikéy Hg deposit, Odemis, Izmir; (5) Sizma, Selcuklu, Konya; (6) Rasih-thsan occurrence,
The testimonies are limited in number for the most ancient periods while they increase in the following centuries. Apart
The testimonies are limited in number for the most ancient periods while they increase in the following centuries. Apart
Table 4 Cinnabar on parchment, paper and textiles (some examples). Conservation sites in square brackets
Table 4 Cinnabar on parchment, paper and textiles (some examples). Conservation sites in square brackets
Table 6 Cinnabar on icons (some examples from Europe and Africa). Conservation sites in square brackets
Table 6 Cinnabar on icons (some examples from Europe and Africa). Conservation sites in square brackets
Table 5 (continued) Cofradia y Gremio de Alfareros y Vajilleros (Ordinances of the Fraternity and Guild of Potters) and a formal request emit- ted by the chief magistrate of Valencia in 1785 (Pérez- Arantegui and Pardos 2008). In this regard, also the distinction made by Caiger Smith (1985) between passive and active recipes is worth mentioning considering that the active ones are those using cinnabar.
Table 5 (continued) Cofradia y Gremio de Alfareros y Vajilleros (Ordinances of the Fraternity and Guild of Potters) and a formal request emit- ted by the chief magistrate of Valencia in 1785 (Pérez- Arantegui and Pardos 2008). In this regard, also the distinction made by Caiger Smith (1985) between passive and active recipes is worth mentioning considering that the active ones are those using cinnabar.
Fig. 10 A “Barnizadores de Pasto” — A watercolour made in 1853 by Manuel Maria Paz (1820-1902) showing three people decorating mobile objects in a shop at Pasto in Colombia. Photo from the World Digital Library (https://www.wdl.org/en/item/9074/). B Barniz de pasto: Batea lacada from Pasto in Colombia (inv. no. 12242). Dated to the 17" century. Dimensions 5.50 (H) « 43.5 (L) x 24.5 (W) cm (Photo credits: Joaquin Otero Ubeda, Museo de América. CER.es (http://ceres.mcu.es), Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte, Spain). The CC-BY licence does not supersede previously copyrighted material; therefore, these images re- main under owner’s copyright.
Fig. 10 A “Barnizadores de Pasto” — A watercolour made in 1853 by Manuel Maria Paz (1820-1902) showing three people decorating mobile objects in a shop at Pasto in Colombia. Photo from the World Digital Library (https://www.wdl.org/en/item/9074/). B Barniz de pasto: Batea lacada from Pasto in Colombia (inv. no. 12242). Dated to the 17" century. Dimensions 5.50 (H) « 43.5 (L) x 24.5 (W) cm (Photo credits: Joaquin Otero Ubeda, Museo de América. CER.es (http://ceres.mcu.es), Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte, Spain). The CC-BY licence does not supersede previously copyrighted material; therefore, these images re- main under owner’s copyright.
Fig. 11 A The Hozukigama (pot) and the Hozuki (lid) described by Takamatsu (1878). B The iron-furnace pot sketched by Divers (1894). For the former, the reported dimensions are 5 sun in diameter and in height, corresponding to about 15 cm. The dimensions of the pot B are not indicated.
Fig. 11 A The Hozukigama (pot) and the Hozuki (lid) described by Takamatsu (1878). B The iron-furnace pot sketched by Divers (1894). For the former, the reported dimensions are 5 sun in diameter and in height, corresponding to about 15 cm. The dimensions of the pot B are not indicated.
Table 7 Sulphur isotope composition of cinnabar from several mining districts (5°*4S values provided as %v). [In the first column: Pf stands for profile. Among data from Lavri¢ and Spangenberg 2003, the age of host
Table 7 Sulphur isotope composition of cinnabar from several mining districts (5°*4S values provided as %v). [In the first column: Pf stands for profile. Among data from Lavri¢ and Spangenberg 2003, the age of host
Table 7 (continued) © Range +12.2/+16.6; © range +7.3/+9.1; @ range —0.1/+8.6; range +9.1/+10.7; © range +3.6/+22.8; © range +0.1/+3.2; ‘” range +3.1/+8.0 ‘® range +4.9/+7.0; © range +3.6/+5.8; " range +19.1/+7.7; ' range +0.1/+6.2; “'? range +10.39/4+10.66; “'?) +21.30/+28.10; “ range —7.6/+0.7 ) range —20.9/+12.7; ' range +3.9/+27.7; “” range -15.4/+15.6; “® range —12.28/-5.85; ' range —11.2/+20.2; ° range —6.90/+2.30; ©” range =1.3/43.3; © range -6.21/+3.30; ° range —5.7/-3.1
Table 7 (continued) © Range +12.2/+16.6; © range +7.3/+9.1; @ range —0.1/+8.6; range +9.1/+10.7; © range +3.6/+22.8; © range +0.1/+3.2; ‘” range +3.1/+8.0 ‘® range +4.9/+7.0; © range +3.6/+5.8; " range +19.1/+7.7; ' range +0.1/+6.2; “'? range +10.39/4+10.66; “'?) +21.30/+28.10; “ range —7.6/+0.7 ) range —20.9/+12.7; ' range +3.9/+27.7; “” range -15.4/+15.6; “® range —12.28/-5.85; ' range —11.2/+20.2; ° range —6.90/+2.30; ©” range =1.3/43.3; © range -6.21/+3.30; ° range —5.7/-3.1
208 pH /?Ph, 7°7Pb/?°Pb, 7°8Pb/-°’Pb and 7°°Pb/°’Pb ratios; three decimals for 208pb/? Pb and 2°6PbH/?*Pb ratios and two decimals at most for analytical uncertainty. For example, 7°°Pb/?™Pb values with four decimal digits are unlikely and uncertainties of almost 1% (e.g., sample Shaanxi 3) make data unreliable [A.Tech. stands for analytical technique. Some measurements taken from Minami et al. 2013 and 2021 are likely the same] Table 8 The lead isotopic analyses performed on cinnabar ores (G) and archaeological finds (A). All measurements were performed on cinnabar samples, except for the first five by Jébrak et al. (2002) on recrystallised pyrite from the Nuevo Entredicho deposit. The number of digits in the ratios and 20 values are reported as it appears in the consulted texts but they are considered realistic when they remain within 5 decimal digits for the °°’Pb/*°°Pb and 7Pb/?’Pb ratio; 4 decimals for
208 pH /?Ph, 7°7Pb/?°Pb, 7°8Pb/-°’Pb and 7°°Pb/°’Pb ratios; three decimals for 208pb/? Pb and 2°6PbH/?*Pb ratios and two decimals at most for analytical uncertainty. For example, 7°°Pb/?™Pb values with four decimal digits are unlikely and uncertainties of almost 1% (e.g., sample Shaanxi 3) make data unreliable [A.Tech. stands for analytical technique. Some measurements taken from Minami et al. 2013 and 2021 are likely the same] Table 8 The lead isotopic analyses performed on cinnabar ores (G) and archaeological finds (A). All measurements were performed on cinnabar samples, except for the first five by Jébrak et al. (2002) on recrystallised pyrite from the Nuevo Entredicho deposit. The number of digits in the ratios and 20 values are reported as it appears in the consulted texts but they are considered realistic when they remain within 5 decimal digits for the °°’Pb/*°°Pb and 7Pb/?’Pb ratio; 4 decimals for
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Archaeological ChemistryArchaeological MethodologyPigments (Chemistry)History of PigmentsPlant Dyes and Pigments
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